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Body Forces   In soils. body forces are created by earth gravity, buoyancy, and water seepage. Their intensity is proportional to the volume on which they act. The resultant body force F acting on volume V is the volume integral of the body force X per unit volume: 

Relaxation method. The relaxation method is one of the solution methods for finite difference equations which is the most suited to spreadsheet calculations. In the relaxation method, the unknowns are ...

As shown in Fig. 2, the two-dimensional space is discretized with a grid of points, the coordinates of which are  denoted by i and j, Curved boundaries have to be approximated with straight segme ...