پیشنهاد‌های جلیل خلیلی (٢٩٧)

The Cinderella Effect is a term in evolutionary psychology that describes how stepchildren are more likely to be treated worse — neglected, abused, o ...

( noun ) → the effort to match or surpass someone by imitating or modeling their behavior, skill, or success. Phonetic: /ˌem. jʊˈleɪ. ʃən/ : تقلید ...

( verb ) → to cut open and examine something piece by piece, usually to understand it better — whether it’s a body, a text, or even an idea. Phonet ...

( verb ) → to use too much energy, push yourself too hard, or strain beyond your physical or mental limits. Phonetic: /ˌoʊ. vər. ɪɡˈzɜːrt/ بیش از ...

An accident is an unplanned, unexpected event that causes harm, damage, or injury. 👉 It’s negative by nature — something goes wrong. Phonetic: /ˈ ...

Jigsaw reading is a collaborative learning technique used in language teaching, where a text is divided into different parts, and each student ( or g ...

Diametrically ( adverb ) = completely, entirely, or totally — often used with “opposed” or “different. ” /ˌdaɪ. əˈmɛ. trɪ. kli/ It literally comes f ...

Subsume ( verb ) = to include or classify something under a larger, more general category or idea. /ˌsʌbˈsjuːm/ ( UK ) or /səbˈsuːm/ ( US ) در بر ...

Opt out ( phrasal verb ) = to choose not to participate in something, or to decide to stop being involved in it. /ɒpt aʊt/ انصراف دادن / شرکت نکر ...

Cryptic ( adjective ) = having a hidden, mysterious, or unclear meaning. It’s like someone dropped a message but locked it behind a puzzle. /ˈkrɪp. ...

Exasperation ( noun ) = a strong feeling of annoyance, irritation, or frustration, especially after something or someone keeps bothering you again an ...

Curriculum ( برنامهٔ درسی ) یعنی برنامه ی کلی آموزشیِ کشور یا مدرسه — شامل هدف ها، محتوا، روش تدریس و ارزیابی. Syllabus ( طرح درس ) یعنی برنامه ی ج ...

The wording effect ( also called wording bias ) refers to how the way a question or statement is worded can influence people’s responses, thoughts, o ...

Vivacious ( adjective ) = full of life, energy, and enthusiasm; lively and spirited, especially describing someone’s personality or presence. /vaɪˈv ...

Literal: to start a fire, to ignite 🔥 /ˈkɪn. dəl/ Figurative: to arouse, inspire, or spark an emotion, interest, or idea 💡❤️ افروختن / روشن کردن ...

Embellish ( verb ) = to make something more attractive, interesting, or beautiful by adding details — either literally ( decoration ) or figuratively ...

Brevity ( noun ) = the quality of being short, concise, and to the point — especially in speech or writing. /ˈbrɛv. ɪ. ti/ کوتاهی / اختصار یعنی وق ...

TBLT = an approach where the central unit of planning and teaching is the “task” — a real - world activity learners must complete using the target la ...

The Communicative Approach is a way of teaching languages where the main goal is communication — learners actively use the language to exchange real ...

The Comprehension Approach focuses on learners understanding the target language before producing it. It’s built on the idea that language learning ...

This isn’t one single method but a family of approaches ( mid - 1970s onwards ) inspired by Carl Rogers’ humanistic psychology. Key idea: language l ...

It’s a way of looking at language learning that grew out of cognitive psychology in the 1960s–70s. Instead of treating learners like parrots who jus ...

🌙 Lunar Calendar Basis: the Moon’s cycles — especially from one new moon to the next ( ~29. 5 days ) . Structure: months usually 29 or 30 days, s ...

Also called the Audiolingual Method ( ALM ) . It came out of the U. S. Army’s “Army Specialized Training Program” during WWII. Rooted in behaviorist ...

Also called the Reading Method. It focuses on developing reading comprehension in the target language, rather than speaking or writing. This approac ...

Also called the Direct Method, it was born as a reaction to the Grammar–Translation Method. Core idea: teach the target language directly without us ...

GTM = Grammar–Translation Method It’s one of the oldest language - teaching approaches, rooted in how Latin and Greek were taught. The focus is on re ...

The process of making something into law — when a parliament or government formally passes a bill. : تصویب قانون The acting out or performance of ...

Hammer = Hard hits ( metal head ) . Mallet = Mellow hits ( soft head ) .

Old - fashioned and now considered offensive in psychology. It used to mean “having very low intellectual ability” or “mentally weak. ” In everyda ...

The lowest point or most unsuccessful moment of something — literally or figuratively. In astronomy: the point in the sky directly below you ( oppo ...

The highest point or peak of something — literally or figuratively. In astronomy: the point in the sky directly above you. In life: the moment of ...

Language Approach 🌊 ( the philosophy ) Big - picture beliefs & principles about how languages are learned. Answers the “why” and “what we value” ...

Learned Helplessness ( /ˈlɜːrnd ˈhɛlplɪsnəs/ ) 👉 Definition: A mental state where a person gives up trying because they’ve repeatedly experienced ...

Golem Effect ( /ˈɡoʊ. ləm ɪˈfekt/ ) 👉 Definition: A psychological phenomenon where low expectations lead to worse performance. When teachers, lea ...

Pygmalion Effect ( /pɪɡˈmeɪ. li. ən ɪˈfekt/ ) 👉 Definition: A phenomenon where high expectations lead to improved performance. When teachers, lea ...

Hereditary ( /həˈrɛd. ɪˌtɛr. i/ ) 👉 Adjective: Passed down from parents to their children through genes 🧬 : موروثی / ژنتیکی e. g. “a hereditar ...

The lender or institution that gives a mortgage loan — usually a bank or credit union. Basically, the mortgagee is the one who receives the mortgag ...

Government or control by a privileged, noble class — power held by people of hereditary rank or high social status. : اشراف سالاری / حکومت اشراف T ...

An economy that is driven and dominated by the wealthy elite — a system where a small, rich class controls a huge share of production, consumption, a ...

Not having sexual relations, especially because of a religious vow or personal choice. : عَزب / مجرد ( به ویژه از روی نذر یا اعتقاد ) 👉 Noun: A ...

A trendy or fashionable word or phrase that gets used a lot in a particular field ( business, tech, education ) but may not always have real substanc ...

Literal: a device used to trigger an explosion. It sets off the main charge ( like TNT or dynamite ) . : چاشنی انفجار / چاشنی بمب Figurative: anyt ...

Literal / Military: the front part of an army that moves first into battle — the “advance guard. ” : پیشاهنگ / طلایه داران Figurative / Modern: the ...

Misogyny ( /mɪˈsɒdʒəni/ ) 👉 Hatred, prejudice, or contempt for women. : زن ستیزی Root: Greek misos ( hatred ) gyne ( woman ) . Shows up in lan ...

Basic goods or raw materials that can be bought, sold, or traded, especially products of agriculture or mining. e. g. wheat, oil, gold, cotton. : ...

🌟 Plato ( 428–348 BCE ) Student of Socrates. Loved abstract, perfect forms — believed there’s a higher, immaterial realm of eternal “Forms” ( Id ...

Materialism ( /məˈtɪəriəlɪzəm/ ) 👉 Noun: has two big meanings, one philosophical, one everyday: Philosophy: the belief that matter ( physical stu ...

Egalitarian ( /ɪˌɡ�lɪˈtɛəriən/ ) 👉 Adjective/Noun: Adjective: believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve the sa ...

Demiurge ( /ˈdɛmiˌɜːrdʒ/ ) 👉 Noun: In ancient philosophy ( especially Plato ) , the Demiurge is the craftsman or creator of the universe — not ne ...