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🌙 Lunar Calendar Basis: the Moon’s cycles — especially from one new moon to the next ( ~29. 5 days ) . Structure: months usually 29 or 30 days, s ...

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Also called the Audiolingual Method ( ALM ) . It came out of the U. S. Army’s “Army Specialized Training Program” during WWII. Rooted in behaviorist ...

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Also called the Reading Method. It focuses on developing reading comprehension in the target language, rather than speaking or writing. This approac ...

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Also called the Direct Method, it was born as a reaction to the Grammar–Translation Method. Core idea: teach the target language directly without us ...

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GTM = Grammar–Translation Method It’s one of the oldest language - teaching approaches, rooted in how Latin and Greek were taught. The focus is on re ...

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The process of making something into law — when a parliament or government formally passes a bill. : تصویب قانون The acting out or performance of ...

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Hammer = Hard hits ( metal head ) . Mallet = Mellow hits ( soft head ) .

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Old - fashioned and now considered offensive in psychology. It used to mean “having very low intellectual ability” or “mentally weak. ” In everyda ...

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The lowest point or most unsuccessful moment of something — literally or figuratively. In astronomy: the point in the sky directly below you ( oppo ...

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The highest point or peak of something — literally or figuratively. In astronomy: the point in the sky directly above you. In life: the moment of ...

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Language Approach 🌊 ( the philosophy ) Big - picture beliefs & principles about how languages are learned. Answers the “why” and “what we value” ...

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Learned Helplessness ( /ˈlɜːrnd ˈhɛlplɪsnəs/ ) 👉 Definition: A mental state where a person gives up trying because they’ve repeatedly experienced ...

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Golem Effect ( /ˈɡoʊ. ləm ɪˈfekt/ ) 👉 Definition: A psychological phenomenon where low expectations lead to worse performance. When teachers, lea ...

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Pygmalion Effect ( /pɪɡˈmeɪ. li. ən ɪˈfekt/ ) 👉 Definition: A phenomenon where high expectations lead to improved performance. When teachers, lea ...

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Hereditary ( /həˈrɛd. ɪˌtɛr. i/ ) 👉 Adjective: Passed down from parents to their children through genes 🧬 : موروثی / ژنتیکی e. g. “a hereditar ...

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The lender or institution that gives a mortgage loan — usually a bank or credit union. Basically, the mortgagee is the one who receives the mortgag ...

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Government or control by a privileged, noble class — power held by people of hereditary rank or high social status. : اشراف سالاری / حکومت اشراف T ...

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An economy that is driven and dominated by the wealthy elite — a system where a small, rich class controls a huge share of production, consumption, a ...

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Not having sexual relations, especially because of a religious vow or personal choice. : عَزب / مجرد ( به ویژه از روی نذر یا اعتقاد ) 👉 Noun: A ...

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A trendy or fashionable word or phrase that gets used a lot in a particular field ( business, tech, education ) but may not always have real substanc ...

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Literal: a device used to trigger an explosion. It sets off the main charge ( like TNT or dynamite ) . : چاشنی انفجار / چاشنی بمب Figurative: anyt ...

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Literal / Military: the front part of an army that moves first into battle — the “advance guard. ” : پیشاهنگ / طلایه داران Figurative / Modern: the ...

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Misogyny ( /mɪˈsɒdʒəni/ ) 👉 Hatred, prejudice, or contempt for women. : زن ستیزی Root: Greek misos ( hatred ) gyne ( woman ) . Shows up in lan ...

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Basic goods or raw materials that can be bought, sold, or traded, especially products of agriculture or mining. e. g. wheat, oil, gold, cotton. : ...

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🌟 Plato ( 428–348 BCE ) Student of Socrates. Loved abstract, perfect forms — believed there’s a higher, immaterial realm of eternal “Forms” ( Id ...

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Materialism ( /məˈtɪəriəlɪzəm/ ) 👉 Noun: has two big meanings, one philosophical, one everyday: Philosophy: the belief that matter ( physical stu ...

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Egalitarian ( /ɪˌɡ�lɪˈtɛəriən/ ) 👉 Adjective/Noun: Adjective: believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve the sa ...

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Demiurge ( /ˈdɛmiˌɜːrdʒ/ ) 👉 Noun: In ancient philosophy ( especially Plato ) , the Demiurge is the craftsman or creator of the universe — not ne ...

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Bourgeoisie ( /ˌbʊrʒ. wɑːˈziː/ or /ˌbʊrʒ. wɑːˈzi/ ) 👉 Noun: the middle and upper - class property owners, especially the people who own the factor ...

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Dialectic ( /daɪəˈlɛktɪk/ ) 👉 Noun: a method of examining or discussing ideas in order to discover the truth by comparing opposite viewpoints. It’ ...

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The proletariat is the social class of people who do not own the means of production ( like factories, land, or machinery ) and must sell their labor ...

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Contexts & Collocations 🎯 envision a future / plan / project 🛠️ → “She envisioned herself running her own business. ” envision success / growth � ...

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👉 Definition: The incentive theory says people are motivated to do things because of external rewards or outcomes ( not just inner needs ) . In othe ...

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to offer a specific amount of money for something, usually in an auction or competitive situation, hoping to win it. : پیشنهاد قیمت دادن، مزایده کرد ...

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Vivid ( /ˈvɪv. ɪd/ ) 👉 Adjective: bright, clear, full of life and detail. : روشن، واضح، زنده، پررنگ Uses & Collocations: vivid colors / images ...

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Noun/Adverb: moving in perfect, rigid, synchronized alignment with others — both literally ( like soldiers marching ) and figuratively ( when people/ ...

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Adjective/Adverb: not straight, not in the correct position; tilted, crooked, off to the side. : کج، نامرتب Collocations: hang askew sit askew p ...

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👉 A language teaching method developed in the 1970s by Georgi Lozanov, a Bulgarian psychotherapist. 👉 Based on the idea that students learn best w ...

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to make something happen faster, to speed up a process. : تسریع کردن، زودتر انجام دادن

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Elegant ( /ˈelɪɡənt/ ) ✨ 👉 stylish, graceful, classy, beautiful in a simple, refined way. : زیبا، برازنده، شیک Contexts & Collocations: Clothes ...

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1. Sleek ( /sliːk/ ) 👉 Adjective: smooth, shiny, stylish, elegant, well - designed. : براق، خوش ساخت، شیک Contexts: Appearance / hair / body: ...

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to slow down, block, or prevent progress. It’s like putting an obstacle in someone’s way. : مانع شدن، سد راه شدن Collocations: impede progress/dev ...

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1. Fumble 👐 👉 to handle something awkwardly with your hands or mess up a simple action. Focus: hands / simple tasks / clumsy moves : دست پاچه ک ...

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to move your hands awkwardly while searching for something or to act in a clumsy/confused way when trying to do something. : دست پاچه چیزی را گشتن ...

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روش �کلاس معکوس� یعنی دانش آموزان درس ( مثل توضیح گرامر یا لغت ) را بیرون از کلاس با ویدیو یا متن یاد می گیرند و وقت کلاس برای تمرین، مکالمه و فعالیت ...

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symmetry ( /ˈsɪm. ə. tri/ ) 👉 Noun: the quality of being symmetrical, having two equal or balanced sides. : تقارن Examples: “The butterfly’s wi ...

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A cemetery may look peaceful when its rows of graves form a kind of solemn symmetry, but the stories beneath — from the wretched to the ascetic — rem ...

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something that has two sides that are the same in size, shape, or arrangement, like a mirror reflection. : متقارن، هم سان

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describing a person who practices strict self - discipline and avoids indulgence or luxury, usually for religious or spiritual reasons. : زاهد، مرت ...

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to talk with too much pride about something you have, achieved, or can do — often to show off. It can be playful, cocky, or straight - up annoying d ...