صربی کرواتی

منابع [ویرایش]
↑ مشارکت کنندگان ویکی پدیا، «Serbo - Croatian»، ویکی پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد ( بازیابی در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۱۱ ) .
[نهفتن]
ن • ب • و
زبان ها و گویش های اسلاوی
اسلاوی شرقی
بلاروسی اسلاوی شرقی باستان† گویش نووگورود باستان† روسی روسین روتنی† اوکراینی
اسلاوی غربی
چکی کاشوبی کنانیک† سورابی پایین پانونی روسین پولابی† لهستانی پومرانی† اسلواکیایی اسلووینسی† سورابی بالا
اسلاوی جنوبی
بلغاری بانات بلغاری اسلاوی کلیسایی مقدونی اسلاوی کلیسایی باستان† زبان صرب و کرووات ( بوسنیایی، بونیه واک، کروواتی، مونته نگروئی، صربی، شوکاک ) اسلاویک یونان اسلونیایی
دیگر
نیااسلاوی† روسه نورسک† اسلاووصربی† اسلوویو
رده ها: زبان صربی کرواتی بوسنی و هرزگوین زبان های اروپازبان های صربستان زبان های کوزوو زبان های مونته نگروصربستان کرواسی
قس انگلیسی
Serbo - Croatian[3] or Serbo - Croat[4], less commonly Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian ( BCMS ) [5][6] is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia. Since it has four standard variants, it is a pluricentric language. [7][8][9] Its variants do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages ( English, French, Spanish, German, Hindustani and Portuguese, among others ) , but not to a degree which would justify considering them as different languages. [10][11][12] The differences between the variants do not undermine the integrity of the system as a whole and do not hinder mutual intelligibility. [13][14] Compared to the differences between the variants of English, German, French, Spanish, Hindustani or Portuguese, the distinctions between the variants of Serbo - Croatian are less significant. [15]
The language was standardised in the mid 19th century, many decades before the first Yugoslavia was established. [16] From the very beginning, it has had a pluricentric standardisation. [17] Croats and Serbs differ in religion and have historically lived under different empires, and have adopted slightly different literary forms as their respective standard variants. Since independence, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Currently, there is a movement to codify a Montenegrin standard. Thus Serbo - Croatian generally goes by the ethnic names Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. [18] All four standard variants are based on the same dialect ( Štokavian ) . [19] In the 20th century, Serbo - Croatian had served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and later of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The dissolution of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines.
Among pluricentric languages, [20] Serbo - Croatian was the only one with a pluricentric standardisation within one state. [21] The dissolution of Yugoslavia has made Serbo - Croatian even more typical pluricentric language, since the variants of other pluricentric languages are also spoken in different states. [22]
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Name
The term Serbo - Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, [23][24] popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Zagrebian grammarians in 1854 and 1859. [25] At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo - Croat, Croato - Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, [26] and indeed in newly independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Croatian", "Bosnian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language. [27] Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović advocated the term Serbo - Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo - European, Serbo - Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits ( ‘Bosnian’ and ‘Montenegrin’ ) . [28] Today, use of the term "Serbo - Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. [29][30][31] It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, [32] though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian ( BCS ) [33], which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes . . .