WEBVTT FILE 1 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:05.420 [Music] 2 00:00:05.420 --> 00:00:09.780 I am the first planet from our son you 3 00:00:09.780 --> 00:00:13.500 see my name is mercury nothing Orbit's 4 00:00:13.500 --> 00:00:16.800 faster than me the smallest planet with 5 00:00:16.800 --> 00:00:19.859 the second hardest degree my name is 6 00:00:19.859 --> 00:00:23.539 mercury no one is smaller than me 7 00:00:23.539 --> 00:00:27.060 messenger of the Gods is what Mercury 8 00:00:27.060 --> 00:00:30.180 means the Romans gave me my name cause 9 00:00:30.180 --> 00:00:32.940 I'm the fastest they've seen a bit 10 00:00:32.940 --> 00:00:35.880 bigger I'd be than the Earth's Moon that 11 00:00:35.880 --> 00:00:39.120 you see to fill the Earth one time it 12 00:00:39.120 --> 00:00:42.120 would take 18 of me I am the first 13 00:00:42.120 --> 00:00:46.020 planet from our sun and beans but I'm 14 00:00:46.020 --> 00:00:48.659 the second harvest I can reach 800 15 00:00:48.659 --> 00:00:49.760 Degrees 16 00:00:49.760 --> 00:00:53.879 88 Earth days is the amount that I take 17 00:00:53.879 --> 00:00:57.059 to orbit our sun once that makes one 18 00:00:57.059 --> 00:01:00.420 year on me I am the first planet 19 00:01:00.420 --> 00:01:04.260 from our son you see my name is mercury 20 00:01:04.260 --> 00:01:07.500 nothing wrong it's faster than me the 21 00:01:07.500 --> 00:01:10.619 smallest planet with the second hardest 22 00:01:10.619 --> 00:01:14.340 degree my name is mercury no one is 23 00:01:14.340 --> 00:01:18.780 smaller than me 59 Earth days equals one 24 00:01:18.780 --> 00:01:22.200 day on me my Surface is made of stone 25 00:01:22.200 --> 00:01:25.400 covered and craters you see 26 00:01:25.400 --> 00:01:29.759 oxygen sodium hydrogen helium and 27 00:01:29.759 --> 00:01:34.979 potassium make up my exosphere I have no 28 00:01:34.979 --> 00:01:38.520 moons and I have no rings but I'm the 29 00:01:38.520 --> 00:01:41.100 second densest Planet amongst other 30 00:01:41.100 --> 00:01:45.060 things I am the first planet from our 31 00:01:45.060 --> 00:01:48.720 sun you see my name is mercury nothing 32 00:01:48.720 --> 00:01:51.540 or if it's faster than me the smallest 33 00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:55.500 planet with the second hottest degree my 34 00:01:55.500 --> 00:01:58.799 name is mercury no one is smaller than 35 00:01:58.799 --> 00:02:00.770 me 36 00:02:00.770 --> 00:02:07.579 [Music] 37 00:02:08.758 --> 00:02:11.758 foreign 38 00:02:23.660 --> 00:02:32.040 [Music] 39 00:02:32.040 --> 00:02:36.060 of all the planets in our solar system 40 00:02:36.060 --> 00:02:39.200 now learn and have some fun 41 00:02:39.200 --> 00:02:42.840 243 or these is how long it takes for me 42 00:02:42.840 --> 00:02:45.599 to orbit the Sun that makes just one of 43 00:02:45.599 --> 00:02:49.019 my days I'm 900 Degrees yeah that's 44 00:02:49.019 --> 00:02:52.680 Fahrenheit I'm the hottest planet in the 45 00:02:52.680 --> 00:02:55.500 solar system that's right the sun sets 46 00:02:55.500 --> 00:02:58.620 in my East and comes up in my West due 47 00:02:58.620 --> 00:03:01.680 to retrograde rotation I spin backwards 48 00:03:01.680 --> 00:03:04.440 the best I'm the third brightest object 49 00:03:04.440 --> 00:03:07.919 to the naked eye from the planet of 50 00:03:07.919 --> 00:03:11.220 Earth when you look up in the sky I am 51 00:03:11.220 --> 00:03:16.019 Venus I'm the second planet from the Sun 52 00:03:16.019 --> 00:03:21.000 and I'm the slowest rotating one of all 53 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:24.060 the planets in our solar system 54 00:03:24.060 --> 00:03:27.780 now learn and have some fun carbon 55 00:03:27.780 --> 00:03:30.900 dioxide and sulfuric acid classes what 56 00:03:30.900 --> 00:03:33.720 makes up my atmosphere and for this I am 57 00:03:33.720 --> 00:03:36.599 very proud volcanoes mountains craters 58 00:03:36.599 --> 00:03:39.180 and some big lava planes are what make 59 00:03:39.180 --> 00:03:41.640 up my bumpy surface and my clouds make 60 00:03:41.640 --> 00:03:45.239 no rain and I was named Venus after the 61 00:03:45.239 --> 00:03:48.000 goddess of love the Romans gave me my 62 00:03:48.000 --> 00:03:51.239 name due to my brightness above I am 63 00:03:51.239 --> 00:03:55.140 beat as I'm the second planet from the 64 00:03:55.140 --> 00:03:56.040 Sun 65 00:03:56.040 --> 00:04:01.080 and I'm the slowest rotating one of all 66 00:04:01.080 --> 00:04:04.260 the planets in our solar system 67 00:04:04.260 --> 00:04:08.290 I learned and have some fun 68 00:04:08.290 --> 00:04:17.518 [Music] 69 00:04:22.100 --> 00:04:25.320 I am the Earth the only planet with 70 00:04:25.320 --> 00:04:29.699 Organic life with 8.7 million species we 71 00:04:29.699 --> 00:04:33.360 are fight to survive you all live on me 72 00:04:33.360 --> 00:04:36.180 so work like bees in a high and keep 73 00:04:36.180 --> 00:04:39.060 this planet really healthy so that we 74 00:04:39.060 --> 00:04:41.880 can all thrive 75 00:04:41.880 --> 00:04:46.259 my atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen 76 00:04:46.259 --> 00:04:52.080 another 21 of it is oxygen another small 77 00:04:52.080 --> 00:04:56.160 percentages of other elements without my 78 00:04:56.160 --> 00:04:59.040 atmosphere around you would be frozen 79 00:04:59.040 --> 00:05:03.900 I'd take 365 birthdays to orbit the sun 80 00:05:03.900 --> 00:05:07.080 24 hours makes one day that's just one 81 00:05:07.080 --> 00:05:09.540 time that I'm spun you won't fly off 82 00:05:09.540 --> 00:05:13.139 into space gravity's pulling you down as 83 00:05:13.139 --> 00:05:16.620 fast as 9.8 meters a second towards the 84 00:05:16.620 --> 00:05:19.380 ground I am the Earth the only planet 85 00:05:19.380 --> 00:05:23.400 with organic light with 8.7 million 86 00:05:23.400 --> 00:05:26.639 species we all fight to survive you all 87 00:05:26.639 --> 00:05:30.000 live on me so work like bees in a hide 88 00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:33.000 and keep this planet really healthy so 89 00:05:33.000 --> 00:05:36.199 that we can all Thrive 90 00:05:36.199 --> 00:05:39.180 there are 12 different types of climates 91 00:05:39.180 --> 00:05:43.199 that exist on me moderate roller try and 92 00:05:43.199 --> 00:05:45.900 drop a cooler four groups you see then 93 00:05:45.900 --> 00:05:48.660 there is Continental it is the fifth 94 00:05:48.660 --> 00:05:51.779 category one climate in no group is 95 00:05:51.779 --> 00:05:54.960 Highland Way above the sea I'm the third 96 00:05:54.960 --> 00:05:57.660 planet from the sun no one is denser 97 00:05:57.660 --> 00:06:01.919 than me my axis tilted 23.5 yeah that's 98 00:06:01.919 --> 00:06:05.639 my degree 4.5 billion years ago is when 99 00:06:05.639 --> 00:06:08.880 I was born you see I am the Earth the 100 00:06:08.880 --> 00:06:12.900 only planet with organic light with 8.7 101 00:06:12.900 --> 00:06:15.839 million species we all fight to survive 102 00:06:15.839 --> 00:06:19.800 you all live on me so work like bees in 103 00:06:19.800 --> 00:06:22.259 a hide and keep this planet really 104 00:06:22.259 --> 00:06:25.810 healthy so then we can authorize 105 00:06:25.810 --> 00:06:31.500 [Music] 106 00:06:38.940 --> 00:06:42.980 [Music] 107 00:06:42.980 --> 00:06:45.080 [Applause] 108 00:06:45.080 --> 00:06:48.240 let's visit the planet of Mars there's 109 00:06:48.240 --> 00:06:50.940 so much to learn on the planet of Mars 110 00:06:50.940 --> 00:06:54.000 the red planet in a billion stars come 111 00:06:54.000 --> 00:06:56.819 and sing along about the planet of Mars 112 00:06:56.819 --> 00:06:59.220 on the fourth planet from our burning 113 00:06:59.220 --> 00:07:01.500 Sun and the second smallest planet in 114 00:07:01.500 --> 00:07:04.020 our solar system my the tallest mountain 115 00:07:04.020 --> 00:07:06.479 name Olympus Mons it's the biggest 116 00:07:06.479 --> 00:07:09.900 volcano in our whole system for boasts 117 00:07:09.900 --> 00:07:12.960 and demos I'm a two moon so both is 118 00:07:12.960 --> 00:07:15.660 larger off the orbiting too it circles 119 00:07:15.660 --> 00:07:18.120 me three times a day and that's true but 120 00:07:18.120 --> 00:07:21.020 it takes 30 hours for demos to Loop 121 00:07:21.020 --> 00:07:24.180 let's visit the planet of Mars there's 122 00:07:24.180 --> 00:07:26.940 so much to learn on the planet of Mars 123 00:07:26.940 --> 00:07:30.120 the red planet in a billion stars come 124 00:07:30.120 --> 00:07:32.710 and sing along about the planet 125 00:07:32.710 --> 00:07:35.830 [Music] 126 00:07:44.360 --> 00:07:47.480 [Music] 127 00:07:51.199 --> 00:07:54.360 687 is the amount of days it takes to 128 00:07:54.360 --> 00:07:57.020 orbit the Sun for my year to take place 129 00:07:57.020 --> 00:08:00.180 let's visit the planet of Mars there's 130 00:08:00.180 --> 00:08:02.940 so much to learn on the planet of Mars 131 00:08:02.940 --> 00:08:06.060 the red planet in a million stars come 132 00:08:06.060 --> 00:08:09.020 and sing along about the planet of Mars 133 00:08:09.020 --> 00:08:12.240 let's visit the planet of Mars there's 134 00:08:12.240 --> 00:08:14.940 so much to learn on the planet of Mars 135 00:08:14.940 --> 00:08:18.120 the red planet in a million stars come 136 00:08:18.120 --> 00:08:21.360 and sing along about the planet of Mars 137 00:08:21.360 --> 00:08:24.360 foreign 138 00:08:25.190 --> 00:08:32.730 [Music] 139 00:08:32.730 --> 00:08:33.460 [Applause] 140 00:08:33.460 --> 00:08:36.890 [Music] 141 00:08:36.890 --> 00:08:40.240 [Applause] 142 00:08:40.240 --> 00:08:43.340 [Music] 143 00:08:50.770 --> 00:08:59.720 [Music] 144 00:08:59.720 --> 00:09:04.399 you evolve around me 145 00:09:04.399 --> 00:09:09.920 as we fly around the Galaxy 146 00:09:09.980 --> 00:09:14.360 all of the planets in our solar system 147 00:09:14.360 --> 00:09:19.519 they orbit where they follow me 148 00:09:19.519 --> 00:09:23.640 230 million years is the time I take to 149 00:09:23.640 --> 00:09:28.279 fly around the Milky Way galaxy 150 00:09:28.279 --> 00:09:32.760 I don't have a solid surface I'm made up 151 00:09:32.760 --> 00:09:37.820 of gases held together by my own gravity 152 00:09:37.820 --> 00:09:41.300 I'm made of 92.1 153 00:09:41.300 --> 00:09:47.720 hydrogen H2 and 7.8 percent helium a G 154 00:09:47.720 --> 00:09:50.059 I'm a star 155 00:09:50.059 --> 00:09:52.458 called the sun 156 00:09:52.458 --> 00:09:57.260 I'm the center of our solar system 157 00:09:57.260 --> 00:09:59.779 you revolve 158 00:09:59.779 --> 00:10:02.059 around me 159 00:10:02.059 --> 00:10:06.030 as we fly around the Galaxy 160 00:10:06.030 --> 00:10:07.220 [Music] 161 00:10:07.220 --> 00:10:13.320 my core is 25 of my total mass and 27 162 00:10:13.320 --> 00:10:16.279 million degrees 163 00:10:16.279 --> 00:10:20.880 my energy is the reason there is life on 164 00:10:20.880 --> 00:10:23.820 Earth there'll be no charge cause I'm 165 00:10:23.820 --> 00:10:25.920 totally free 166 00:10:25.920 --> 00:10:30.360 my mess makes up 99.8 percent of our 167 00:10:30.360 --> 00:10:33.779 solar system nothing in our systems hot 168 00:10:33.779 --> 00:10:35.720 as me 169 00:10:35.720 --> 00:10:38.000 I'm a star 170 00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:40.399 called the sun 171 00:10:40.399 --> 00:10:45.260 I'm the center of our solar system 172 00:10:45.260 --> 00:10:49.880 you revolve around me 173 00:10:49.880 --> 00:10:55.339 as we fly around the Galaxy 174 00:10:58.019 --> 00:11:00.500 friends 175 00:11:00.500 --> 00:11:33.440 [Music] 176 00:11:33.440 --> 00:11:37.200 natural satellite I rotate the same 177 00:11:37.200 --> 00:11:39.179 speed as the Earth and I'm a natural 178 00:11:39.179 --> 00:11:42.958 source of light on the moon 179 00:11:42.958 --> 00:11:46.260 my parents is gray and white you only 180 00:11:46.260 --> 00:11:49.019 see one half of my Surface whether it's 181 00:11:49.019 --> 00:11:52.320 day or night it's believed I was created 182 00:11:52.320 --> 00:11:56.220 4.5 billion years ago when a marsized 183 00:11:56.220 --> 00:11:58.140 body collided with Earth their debris 184 00:11:58.140 --> 00:12:01.620 formed me real slow meteors asteroids 185 00:12:01.620 --> 00:12:03.420 and comets struck my Surface for a 186 00:12:03.420 --> 00:12:06.540 million years due to the fact that they 187 00:12:06.540 --> 00:12:09.779 don't burn up in my thin atmosphere if 188 00:12:09.779 --> 00:12:12.740 you wonder what a moon is it's a natural 189 00:12:12.740 --> 00:12:15.839 satellite one that orbits a single 190 00:12:15.839 --> 00:12:18.920 planet the planet orbits Stars so bright 191 00:12:18.920 --> 00:12:22.260 scientific observations were first made 192 00:12:22.260 --> 00:12:26.120 in 1610 by Galileo Galilei the 193 00:12:26.120 --> 00:12:30.800 astronomer Italian from the Moon 194 00:12:30.800 --> 00:12:34.620 Earth's natural satellite I rotate the 195 00:12:34.620 --> 00:12:36.540 same speed as the Earth and I'm a 196 00:12:36.540 --> 00:12:40.500 natural source of light on the moon 197 00:12:40.500 --> 00:12:43.800 my parents is gray and white you only 198 00:12:43.800 --> 00:12:46.620 see one half of my Surface whether it's 199 00:12:46.620 --> 00:12:49.740 day or night when the earth spins on its 200 00:12:49.740 --> 00:12:53.100 axis ocean levels stay the same then the 201 00:12:53.100 --> 00:12:55.380 moon's gravitational pull creates the 202 00:12:55.380 --> 00:12:58.100 tides that we see change 203 00:12:58.100 --> 00:13:02.880 238 900 miles from the Earth is the 204 00:13:02.880 --> 00:13:04.440 distance measured when the first 205 00:13:04.440 --> 00:13:07.920 spaceship landed on my turf the reason 206 00:13:07.920 --> 00:13:11.160 you see one half of my Surface all the 207 00:13:11.160 --> 00:13:14.100 time is because my rotations the same 208 00:13:14.100 --> 00:13:16.920 speed as the Earth are in this rhyme it 209 00:13:16.920 --> 00:13:20.100 takes 27 Earth days for me to rotate 210 00:13:20.100 --> 00:13:23.220 once around there is no air on my 211 00:13:23.220 --> 00:13:26.700 Surface so you won't hear any sound on 212 00:13:26.700 --> 00:13:31.620 the moon Earth's natural satellite I 213 00:13:31.620 --> 00:13:33.720 rotate the same speed as the Earth and 214 00:13:33.720 --> 00:13:36.600 I'm a natural source of light I'm the 215 00:13:36.600 --> 00:13:38.100 Moon 216 00:13:38.100 --> 00:13:41.399 my parents is gray and white you only 217 00:13:41.399 --> 00:13:44.160 see one half of my Surface whether it's 218 00:13:44.160 --> 00:13:45.270 day or night 219 00:13:45.270 --> 00:13:50.390 [Music] 220 00:13:56.040 --> 00:13:58.920 within the first planet there's a 221 00:13:58.920 --> 00:14:02.040 cooling emergency this planet shrinking 222 00:14:02.040 --> 00:14:06.360 much faster yes I am mercury in 2004 223 00:14:06.360 --> 00:14:09.839 NASA launched the messenger probe it 224 00:14:09.839 --> 00:14:13.260 traveled 1260 days to reach Mercury from 225 00:14:13.260 --> 00:14:16.200 your Globe messenger took about 100 000 226 00:14:16.200 --> 00:14:21.120 images by 2012 mapping 99 on my Surface 227 00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:24.300 so you can see it well these images were 228 00:14:24.300 --> 00:14:26.820 sent to scientists back to Earth to 229 00:14:26.820 --> 00:14:29.700 inspect to confirm what Mariner 10 230 00:14:29.700 --> 00:14:32.760 proved did suspect they saw wrinkles and 231 00:14:32.760 --> 00:14:36.540 ribs on Mercury's surface it's like a 232 00:14:36.540 --> 00:14:39.620 reason orbiting the Sun but why is this 233 00:14:39.620 --> 00:14:42.420 scientists confirm Mercury is shrinking 234 00:14:42.420 --> 00:14:45.120 sentence discs and pass over 4 billion 235 00:14:45.120 --> 00:14:47.399 years it's eight miles smaller in 236 00:14:47.399 --> 00:14:49.620 diameter shrinking fast the reason 237 00:14:49.620 --> 00:14:52.320 Mercury is shrinking is because it's 238 00:14:52.320 --> 00:14:54.540 cool and cool we'll look inside the 239 00:14:54.540 --> 00:14:57.360 planet to see if we can learn more 240 00:14:57.360 --> 00:15:00.779 mercury has a large metallic core 85 241 00:15:00.779 --> 00:15:03.600 percent of its radius which is very 242 00:15:03.600 --> 00:15:05.699 large for a planet and which we'll 243 00:15:05.699 --> 00:15:09.000 discuss when the core does cool over 244 00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:12.300 this amount of time a planet will shrink 245 00:15:12.300 --> 00:15:15.480 you have learned this in this rhyme 246 00:15:15.480 --> 00:15:18.360 when the planets core pools the surface 247 00:15:18.360 --> 00:15:20.699 shrinks with it causing riffs and 248 00:15:20.699 --> 00:15:23.760 valleys to occur looking like a raisin I 249 00:15:23.760 --> 00:15:26.040 admit to shrink heat must have escaped 250 00:15:26.040 --> 00:15:28.800 out of its cooling core this heat must 251 00:15:28.800 --> 00:15:31.260 have escaped through its mantle via he 252 00:15:31.260 --> 00:15:33.600 pipes like a door within the first 253 00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:37.079 planet there's a cooling emergency this 254 00:15:37.079 --> 00:15:39.839 planet shrinking much faster yes I am 255 00:15:39.839 --> 00:15:42.320 Mercury 256 00:15:42.779 --> 00:15:45.019 foreign 257 00:15:47.660 --> 00:15:51.120 so why is it the hottest planet in the 258 00:15:51.120 --> 00:15:53.820 solar system Venus has a thick 259 00:15:53.820 --> 00:15:56.220 atmosphere full of the greenhouse gas 260 00:15:56.220 --> 00:15:59.160 carbon dioxide and clouds of sulfuric 261 00:15:59.160 --> 00:16:02.040 acid that does a mass these gases create 262 00:16:02.040 --> 00:16:04.620 an extremely thick atmosphere trapping 263 00:16:04.620 --> 00:16:07.680 heat within its surface on this very hot 264 00:16:07.680 --> 00:16:10.860 sphere this greenhouse effect mix is the 265 00:16:10.860 --> 00:16:13.740 hottest planet you will see in the solar 266 00:16:13.740 --> 00:16:16.740 system even hotter than Mercury its 267 00:16:16.740 --> 00:16:19.019 atmosphere is so thick it creates a 268 00:16:19.019 --> 00:16:21.540 surface pressure similar to a half a 269 00:16:21.540 --> 00:16:24.019 mile deep in Earth's ocean I'm sure 270 00:16:24.019 --> 00:16:27.660 Venus has a surface temperature of 900 271 00:16:27.660 --> 00:16:30.779 Degrees which is hot enough to melt the 272 00:16:30.779 --> 00:16:34.500 metal LED with ease if a human were to 273 00:16:34.500 --> 00:16:36.839 stand on the surface of Venus's pressure 274 00:16:36.839 --> 00:16:39.660 would be so great the human would be 275 00:16:39.660 --> 00:16:42.000 crushed due to the high surface pressure 276 00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:45.120 and sulfuric acid clouds and heat from 277 00:16:45.120 --> 00:16:47.279 the thick atmosphere life can't exist 278 00:16:47.279 --> 00:16:50.160 here now recently scientists think they 279 00:16:50.160 --> 00:16:52.259 found a goalie lung Zone in the 280 00:16:52.259 --> 00:16:54.480 atmosphere which would be perfect to 281 00:16:54.480 --> 00:16:56.880 support life let's see what they shared 282 00:16:56.880 --> 00:16:59.399 they had found traces of a molecule 283 00:16:59.399 --> 00:17:02.160 called phosphine some organisms do 284 00:17:02.160 --> 00:17:04.260 producers let's see what that means 285 00:17:04.260 --> 00:17:07.260 phosphine's associated with microbial 286 00:17:07.260 --> 00:17:09.720 life so science says it's found in 287 00:17:09.720 --> 00:17:12.240 oxygen-free environments like swamps and 288 00:17:12.240 --> 00:17:14.939 sludges phosphates also associated with 289 00:17:14.939 --> 00:17:18.000 feces from animals on Earth Infinitis on 290 00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:19.919 Earth's environment Venus might have 291 00:17:19.919 --> 00:17:22.380 life of course using the James Clerk 292 00:17:22.380 --> 00:17:25.679 Maxwell telescope in Hawaii is how chain 293 00:17:25.679 --> 00:17:27.959 Greaves detecting a hint of the molecule 294 00:17:27.959 --> 00:17:30.299 phosphine this means that life could 295 00:17:30.299 --> 00:17:33.059 exist in Venus's atmosphere with 296 00:17:33.059 --> 00:17:35.820 non-oxygen using microbes producing it 297 00:17:35.820 --> 00:17:38.520 which I share after lots of testing and 298 00:17:38.520 --> 00:17:40.679 trying to create phosphine without life 299 00:17:40.679 --> 00:17:43.200 using Venus's atmosphere and geology 300 00:17:43.200 --> 00:17:45.600 scientists filled with Strife so far the 301 00:17:45.600 --> 00:17:47.820 only explanation that has come from 302 00:17:47.820 --> 00:17:49.859 scientists is that you can't produce 303 00:17:49.859 --> 00:17:52.619 phosphine without life so it must exist 304 00:17:52.619 --> 00:17:55.140 and if life does exist in the atmosphere 305 00:17:55.140 --> 00:17:58.020 of puffiness then one other life could 306 00:17:58.020 --> 00:18:01.559 exist on other planets Venus is the 307 00:18:01.559 --> 00:18:05.280 second planet from the Sun so why is it 308 00:18:05.280 --> 00:18:09.980 the hottest planet in the solar system 309 00:18:11.119 --> 00:18:14.220 how is Earth habitable why can't life 310 00:18:14.220 --> 00:18:16.740 thrive on it while the Sun's plasma 311 00:18:16.740 --> 00:18:19.200 blasts towards us what's protecting it 312 00:18:19.200 --> 00:18:22.980 we're protected by Earth's magnetus fear 313 00:18:22.980 --> 00:18:25.380 also called Earth's magnetic field let's 314 00:18:25.380 --> 00:18:28.020 learn more right here there's a region 315 00:18:28.020 --> 00:18:30.780 around the planet beyond the atmosphere 316 00:18:30.780 --> 00:18:33.419 created by Earth's internal magnetism 317 00:18:33.419 --> 00:18:36.240 called the magnetosphere the reason life 318 00:18:36.240 --> 00:18:39.539 developing continues to Keep Us Alive is 319 00:18:39.539 --> 00:18:41.820 because of this magnetic environment 320 00:18:41.820 --> 00:18:44.059 it's why we Thrive what's this 321 00:18:44.059 --> 00:18:46.500 magnetosphere and what does it protect 322 00:18:46.500 --> 00:18:49.380 us from let's take a closer look as we 323 00:18:49.380 --> 00:18:52.500 move towards the sun when the sun blasts 324 00:18:52.500 --> 00:18:55.619 plasma from the solar storm it emits 325 00:18:55.619 --> 00:18:58.440 huge bursts of energy and solar flares 326 00:18:58.440 --> 00:19:00.840 form solar flares are bursts from the 327 00:19:00.840 --> 00:19:03.299 Sun during Interruption pushed into 328 00:19:03.299 --> 00:19:05.940 space of solar and Cosmic particle 329 00:19:05.940 --> 00:19:10.080 radiation this electromagnetic radiation 330 00:19:10.080 --> 00:19:12.539 from the sun does reach the Earth and 331 00:19:12.539 --> 00:19:14.820 could destroy the atmosphere while on 332 00:19:14.820 --> 00:19:17.400 its run but the atmosphere is protected 333 00:19:17.400 --> 00:19:19.919 when these particles reach it by the 334 00:19:19.919 --> 00:19:22.080 magnetosphere deflecting when these 335 00:19:22.080 --> 00:19:24.179 particles do hit the magnetosphere 336 00:19:24.179 --> 00:19:26.520 changes shape when blasted with these 337 00:19:26.520 --> 00:19:29.280 particles directing them away from the 338 00:19:29.280 --> 00:19:32.100 atmosphere so they are harmful if our 339 00:19:32.100 --> 00:19:35.220 atmosphere were to deteriorate over time 340 00:19:35.220 --> 00:19:37.559 life on Earth would perish you've 341 00:19:37.559 --> 00:19:40.020 learned this endless rhyme some of the 342 00:19:40.020 --> 00:19:42.720 particles aren't deflected away but have 343 00:19:42.720 --> 00:19:45.200 no fear when they get trapped in Earth's 344 00:19:45.200 --> 00:19:48.539 magnetosphere the Trap particles get 345 00:19:48.539 --> 00:19:51.299 shot towards Earth's two poles and the 346 00:19:51.299 --> 00:19:54.240 field lines also called the dipole which 347 00:19:54.240 --> 00:19:56.700 means Two Poles when these particles 348 00:19:56.700 --> 00:19:59.460 reach the atmosphere they react with 349 00:19:59.460 --> 00:20:02.400 oxygen and nitrogen causing the Aurora 350 00:20:02.400 --> 00:20:04.740 is that up here let's take a closer look 351 00:20:04.740 --> 00:20:07.140 at where this magnetosphere is formed 352 00:20:07.140 --> 00:20:09.359 we'll slice the Earth in half so you're 353 00:20:09.359 --> 00:20:12.119 visually informed the electrically 354 00:20:12.119 --> 00:20:15.299 charged molten iron turns for sure below 355 00:20:15.299 --> 00:20:18.119 the Earth's surface within the planet's 356 00:20:18.119 --> 00:20:21.000 outer core this generates a magnetic 357 00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:23.880 field large enough to race far past our 358 00:20:23.880 --> 00:20:28.460 Earth's atmosphere out into space 359 00:20:30.320 --> 00:20:33.859 I'm the second up two Rovers launched in 360 00:20:33.859 --> 00:20:37.140 2003 I searched for ancient water on 361 00:20:37.140 --> 00:20:40.740 marzime opportunity after landing on 362 00:20:40.740 --> 00:20:42.960 Mars in 2004 I made a number of 363 00:20:42.960 --> 00:20:45.960 discoveries one was minerals dispersed 364 00:20:45.960 --> 00:20:48.960 by groundwater causing Rock cavities I 365 00:20:48.960 --> 00:20:51.960 happen to be a record holder lasting 15 366 00:20:51.960 --> 00:20:54.720 years on Mars I was planned for a 90-day 367 00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:57.059 mission on the red planet Among the 368 00:20:57.059 --> 00:20:59.520 Stars I'm the twin of a robot called 369 00:20:59.520 --> 00:21:02.340 spirit that launched before me here's a 370 00:21:02.340 --> 00:21:06.179 look at my parts we'll explore and see I 371 00:21:06.179 --> 00:21:09.119 have panoramic cameras on the top of my 372 00:21:09.119 --> 00:21:12.720 camera bar to show NASA what I see on 373 00:21:12.720 --> 00:21:16.940 Mars near and far I've sent 217 374 00:21:16.940 --> 00:21:20.520 594 raw images back to Earth to be 375 00:21:20.520 --> 00:21:23.820 reviewed by scientists a miniature 376 00:21:23.820 --> 00:21:26.400 thermal emission spectrometer or mini 377 00:21:26.400 --> 00:21:28.980 test you now see provides measurements 378 00:21:28.980 --> 00:21:31.280 of mineral energy and thermal physical 379 00:21:31.280 --> 00:21:34.380 properties magnet arrays in the front of 380 00:21:34.380 --> 00:21:37.200 me grabbing dusted a mask collecting 381 00:21:37.200 --> 00:21:40.500 magnetic grains of the red planet's past 382 00:21:40.500 --> 00:21:43.500 the pen can calibration Target looks 383 00:21:43.500 --> 00:21:46.619 like a sundial with a tin it helps find 384 00:21:46.619 --> 00:21:48.900 two observations from imagers and 385 00:21:48.900 --> 00:21:51.480 instruments my robotic arm instruments 386 00:21:51.480 --> 00:21:53.520 do work as a human geologist would 387 00:21:53.520 --> 00:21:56.700 holding and using science tools with its 388 00:21:56.700 --> 00:21:59.220 hand or turret like it should I have six 389 00:21:59.220 --> 00:22:01.380 wheels to truck me around the Martian 390 00:22:01.380 --> 00:22:04.440 surface you see I have traveled 28 miles 391 00:22:04.440 --> 00:22:08.119 and downslopes at 32 degrees this is my 392 00:22:08.119 --> 00:22:12.480 multi-panel solar array generating 140 393 00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:15.240 watts of power ups four hours per Soul a 394 00:22:15.240 --> 00:22:18.179 Martian day the storm stopped me on my 395 00:22:18.179 --> 00:22:21.600 record-breaking One mission in 2018 I 396 00:22:21.600 --> 00:22:23.159 permanently stopped transmitting 397 00:22:23.159 --> 00:22:25.919 information from the second up two 398 00:22:25.919 --> 00:22:29.159 Rovers launched in 2003 I searched for 399 00:22:29.159 --> 00:22:32.830 ancient water on marzime opportunity 400 00:22:32.830 --> 00:22:33.300 [Music] 401 00:22:33.300 --> 00:22:36.390 [Applause] 402 00:22:38.290 --> 00:22:41.329 [Music] 403 00:22:43.880 --> 00:22:45.539 thank you 404 00:22:45.539 --> 00:22:48.539 foreign 405 00:22:48.730 --> 00:23:13.200 [Music] 406 00:23:13.500 --> 00:23:17.520 the average distance between us we will 407 00:23:17.520 --> 00:23:22.200 explain to you with a smile 408 00:23:22.200 --> 00:23:24.720 the average distance between the Earth 409 00:23:24.720 --> 00:23:30.140 and the moon is 382 500 kilometers 410 00:23:30.140 --> 00:23:33.119 here's the other seven planets bit 411 00:23:33.119 --> 00:23:36.480 between us explaining who they are with 412 00:23:36.480 --> 00:23:40.320 some cool features I am Mercury the 413 00:23:40.320 --> 00:23:42.900 first planet from the sun I'm the second 414 00:23:42.900 --> 00:23:46.940 on this planet on my run my average 415 00:23:46.940 --> 00:23:50.359 diameter we do know is 416 00:23:50.359 --> 00:23:54.059 4879 kilometers at these up as they are 417 00:23:54.059 --> 00:23:57.960 shown I am Venus the hottest planet and 418 00:23:57.960 --> 00:24:01.760 the second from the Sun 419 00:24:01.760 --> 00:24:05.640 I have an average diameter of twelve 420 00:24:05.640 --> 00:24:08.460 thousand one hundred four kilometers in 421 00:24:08.460 --> 00:24:10.039 the solar system 422 00:24:10.039 --> 00:24:14.400 hi I am Mars the fourth planet from the 423 00:24:14.400 --> 00:24:17.480 sun you should know 424 00:24:17.480 --> 00:24:22.760 I have an average diameter of 6700 425 00:24:22.760 --> 00:24:27.419 71 kilometers as I did show my name is 426 00:24:27.419 --> 00:24:30.780 Jupiter the largest planet in from the 427 00:24:30.780 --> 00:24:35.460 Sun I'm number five my average diameter 428 00:24:35.460 --> 00:24:38.000 is 139 429 00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:43.140 822 kilometers as I thrive I'm the 430 00:24:43.140 --> 00:24:46.679 planet with the prominent Rings the 431 00:24:46.679 --> 00:24:50.419 sixth one called Saturn my average 432 00:24:50.419 --> 00:24:53.960 diameter is 116 433 00:24:53.960 --> 00:24:59.820 464 kilometers while I turn I am Uranus 434 00:24:59.820 --> 00:25:03.119 I am the seventh planet from the solar 435 00:25:03.119 --> 00:25:07.980 systems Sun I have an average diameter 436 00:25:07.980 --> 00:25:10.400 of 50 437 00:25:10.400 --> 00:25:15.119 724 kilometers I'm a frozen one I am 438 00:25:15.119 --> 00:25:18.299 Neptune the eighth and last planet in 439 00:25:18.299 --> 00:25:21.960 the solar system as far as we know I 440 00:25:21.960 --> 00:25:26.240 haven't an average diameter of 49 441 00:25:26.240 --> 00:25:30.480 244 kilometers I'm blue as shown our 442 00:25:30.480 --> 00:25:33.840 total Planet diameter size when added up 443 00:25:33.840 --> 00:25:35.760 as 380 444 00:25:35.760 --> 00:25:38.820 000 eight kilometers we share we still 445 00:25:38.820 --> 00:25:40.220 have 2 446 00:25:40.220 --> 00:25:46.380 492 kilometers of space to spare we are 447 00:25:46.380 --> 00:25:50.039 the Earth and the Moon 448 00:25:50.039 --> 00:25:55.080 and you will learn really soon you could 449 00:25:55.080 --> 00:25:57.900 fit the planets in our solar system 450 00:25:57.900 --> 00:26:01.500 between us this is true 451 00:26:01.500 --> 00:26:06.480 we are the Earth and the moon we meant 452 00:26:06.480 --> 00:26:10.020 to tell you for a while 453 00:26:10.020 --> 00:26:13.200 while average distance between us we 454 00:26:13.200 --> 00:26:18.799 will explain to you with a smile 455 00:26:18.900 --> 00:26:20.359 one is 456 00:26:20.359 --> 00:26:22.559 heliocentrism this is something you'll 457 00:26:22.559 --> 00:26:25.859 learn here who is Nicholas Copernicus of 458 00:26:25.859 --> 00:26:29.700 this I'll also share for over 1500 years 459 00:26:29.700 --> 00:26:32.340 Ancient Man thought the Earth was the 460 00:26:32.340 --> 00:26:34.559 center of the solar system that was what 461 00:26:34.559 --> 00:26:36.840 was taught this theory was called the 462 00:26:36.840 --> 00:26:39.539 geocentric model shown here which means 463 00:26:39.539 --> 00:26:42.059 the Earth was the center of the universe 464 00:26:42.059 --> 00:26:45.359 I do share but in the 16th century 465 00:26:45.359 --> 00:26:47.880 things begin to change a man named 466 00:26:47.880 --> 00:26:50.580 Nicolas Copernicus to decide to 467 00:26:50.580 --> 00:26:53.880 rearrange he introduced a new and at the 468 00:26:53.880 --> 00:26:56.580 time crazy Theory placing the Sun or 469 00:26:56.580 --> 00:26:58.559 soul in the center of the solar system 470 00:26:58.559 --> 00:27:01.260 you can see this new theory of the solar 471 00:27:01.260 --> 00:27:03.240 system revolving around the Sun was 472 00:27:03.240 --> 00:27:06.359 called the heliocentrism model to say it 473 00:27:06.359 --> 00:27:10.080 is so fun in the 17th century his idea 474 00:27:10.080 --> 00:27:12.659 to take hold when evidence was compiled 475 00:27:12.659 --> 00:27:15.679 by these astronomers was told 476 00:27:15.679 --> 00:27:19.919 Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galileo 477 00:27:19.919 --> 00:27:22.039 different strategies to prove 478 00:27:22.039 --> 00:27:25.140 copernicus's Theory Tycho used Parallax 479 00:27:25.140 --> 00:27:27.720 measurements and shot for the Stars when 480 00:27:27.720 --> 00:27:29.880 he did this he recorded data when he 481 00:27:29.880 --> 00:27:32.700 focused on Mars Johannes Kepler used 482 00:27:32.700 --> 00:27:35.400 tycho's information and found this the 483 00:27:35.400 --> 00:27:37.980 orbits of the planets and Earth War 484 00:27:37.980 --> 00:27:41.159 ellipses Galileo Galilei is the newly 485 00:27:41.159 --> 00:27:43.679 invented telescope to see far to 486 00:27:43.679 --> 00:27:45.840 discover the Milky Way Cloud were 487 00:27:45.840 --> 00:27:48.659 actually Stars Galileo also learned that 488 00:27:48.659 --> 00:27:51.419 the Sun that spots on it I sing this 489 00:27:51.419 --> 00:27:53.700 indicated the sun was definitely 490 00:27:53.700 --> 00:27:57.020 rotating all this info proved that the 491 00:27:57.020 --> 00:27:59.760 heliocentrism model was right from that 492 00:27:59.760 --> 00:28:01.740 point on it was accepted all from 493 00:28:01.740 --> 00:28:05.340 staring up at night one is heliocentrism 494 00:28:05.340 --> 00:28:07.740 this is something you learn here who is 495 00:28:07.740 --> 00:28:10.799 Nicholas Copernicus and this I'll also 496 00:28:10.799 --> 00:28:11.430 share 497 00:28:11.430 --> 00:28:14.480 [Music] 498 00:28:14.480 --> 00:28:18.539 I am the Sun the center of your solar 499 00:28:18.539 --> 00:28:21.980 system I do corrupt intense high energy 500 00:28:21.980 --> 00:28:25.799 radiation this radiation I expel is 501 00:28:25.799 --> 00:28:28.559 called the solar flare you learn about 502 00:28:28.559 --> 00:28:31.640 them in the song and why you should care 503 00:28:31.640 --> 00:28:34.559 the sun is a ball of plasma like an 504 00:28:34.559 --> 00:28:36.419 extremely hot ocean shape like a wheel 505 00:28:36.419 --> 00:28:39.120 this plasma is pushed around in shape by 506 00:28:39.120 --> 00:28:41.640 the sun's magnetic field when the sun's 507 00:28:41.640 --> 00:28:44.279 plasma swirls around by its magnetic 508 00:28:44.279 --> 00:28:46.620 field it gets twisted and releases 509 00:28:46.620 --> 00:28:49.020 energy around sunspots they are real 510 00:28:49.020 --> 00:28:51.600 this energy released is caused by 511 00:28:51.600 --> 00:28:54.000 magnetic knots when one of these knots 512 00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:56.880 breaks it releases solar flare so you 513 00:28:56.880 --> 00:28:59.580 are taught solar flares are waves of 514 00:28:59.580 --> 00:29:02.580 high energy radiation shot through the 515 00:29:02.580 --> 00:29:05.340 solar system in which we are all one 516 00:29:05.340 --> 00:29:08.700 these solar flares race through space at 517 00:29:08.700 --> 00:29:11.400 the speed of light creating a solar 518 00:29:11.400 --> 00:29:14.039 proton storm these storms are no Delight 519 00:29:14.039 --> 00:29:16.380 when millions of tons of plasma are 520 00:29:16.380 --> 00:29:18.480 thrown from the sun's atmosphere these 521 00:29:18.480 --> 00:29:19.799 storms are called 522 00:29:19.799 --> 00:29:22.440 mass ejections as you see right here 523 00:29:22.440 --> 00:29:25.860 these CMEs reach speeds of 5.6 million 524 00:29:25.860 --> 00:29:27.899 miles per hour when they hit Earth it 525 00:29:27.899 --> 00:29:30.179 doesn't hurt living beings even with 526 00:29:30.179 --> 00:29:32.220 such power the Earth's atmosphere 527 00:29:32.220 --> 00:29:34.440 protects life from the biggest solar 528 00:29:34.440 --> 00:29:37.080 storms by absorbing the impact so beings 529 00:29:37.080 --> 00:29:39.779 on the surface are safe from harm when a 530 00:29:39.779 --> 00:29:42.720 CME is too big it creates a solar super 531 00:29:42.720 --> 00:29:45.659 storm that occur once or twice a century 532 00:29:45.659 --> 00:29:48.240 so you've been warned if a solar 533 00:29:48.240 --> 00:29:50.820 superstorm did happen in this day and 534 00:29:50.820 --> 00:29:53.159 age it would shoot billions of tons of 535 00:29:53.159 --> 00:29:56.100 plasma from the Sun I do say if this 536 00:29:56.100 --> 00:29:58.320 type of CME traveled across space 537 00:29:58.320 --> 00:30:00.539 towards the Earth it would reach you in 538 00:30:00.539 --> 00:30:02.880 one day yeah that's fast for what that 539 00:30:02.880 --> 00:30:05.640 is worth its shock wave wood compressors 540 00:30:05.640 --> 00:30:08.820 magnetic field making it frail the two 541 00:30:08.820 --> 00:30:10.679 magnetic fields would merge stretching 542 00:30:10.679 --> 00:30:13.080 Earth's field into a fantail this 543 00:30:13.080 --> 00:30:15.179 stretch tail can't contain this energy 544 00:30:15.179 --> 00:30:17.760 anymore when it snaps it releases 545 00:30:17.760 --> 00:30:20.399 explosive energy towards the Earth that 546 00:30:20.399 --> 00:30:22.559 it's stored this creates something very 547 00:30:22.559 --> 00:30:24.679 rare called the geomagnetic storm 548 00:30:24.679 --> 00:30:27.360 normally no living thing on Earth would 549 00:30:27.360 --> 00:30:30.240 even know it had formed the only thing 550 00:30:30.240 --> 00:30:32.760 it would affect is your electricity 551 00:30:32.760 --> 00:30:35.640 because you rely on this so much it 552 00:30:35.640 --> 00:30:37.860 would disrupt human life you see because 553 00:30:37.860 --> 00:30:40.020 Earth is covered in millions of electric 554 00:30:40.020 --> 00:30:42.840 wires and Transformers this geomagnetic 555 00:30:42.840 --> 00:30:44.880 storm would shut down the power humans 556 00:30:44.880 --> 00:30:46.860 would be overturned if one of these 557 00:30:46.860 --> 00:30:48.779 storms hit the earth electricity and 558 00:30:48.779 --> 00:30:50.700 internet would not work all things 559 00:30:50.700 --> 00:30:52.799 powered by electricity would turn off 560 00:30:52.799 --> 00:30:54.960 along with all networks computers 561 00:30:54.960 --> 00:30:57.120 wouldn't work along with phones and 562 00:30:57.120 --> 00:31:00.539 electronic devices no refrigerators or 563 00:31:00.539 --> 00:31:03.299 any other household appliances even 564 00:31:03.299 --> 00:31:05.340 though we can't stop these terrible 565 00:31:05.340 --> 00:31:07.980 solar storms their nasty side effects 566 00:31:07.980 --> 00:31:10.679 can be prevented by how we are warned 567 00:31:10.679 --> 00:31:13.200 Engineers would have a day or two to 568 00:31:13.200 --> 00:31:16.260 unplug major power grids until the solar 569 00:31:16.260 --> 00:31:18.539 storm passes Earth preventing blackouts 570 00:31:18.539 --> 00:31:21.720 we forbid human need to prepare for 571 00:31:21.720 --> 00:31:23.700 these types of storms to prevent being 572 00:31:23.700 --> 00:31:26.580 thrown back to the Stone Age before they 573 00:31:26.580 --> 00:31:29.820 form a cool event humans experience from 574 00:31:29.820 --> 00:31:33.299 any solar storm is the Aurora Borealis 575 00:31:33.299 --> 00:31:35.640 at the Two Poles is where they perform 576 00:31:35.640 --> 00:31:39.120 I'm the life-giving son you all need me 577 00:31:39.120 --> 00:31:42.720 to live but I am unpredictable so solar 578 00:31:42.720 --> 00:31:45.779 storms I give I am the Sun the center of 579 00:31:45.779 --> 00:31:49.620 your solar system I do erupt intense 580 00:31:49.620 --> 00:31:53.820 high energy radiation this radiation I 581 00:31:53.820 --> 00:31:56.700 expel is called the solar flare you'll 582 00:31:56.700 --> 00:31:59.760 learn about them in the song and why you 583 00:31:59.760 --> 00:32:01.220 should care 584 00:32:01.220 --> 00:32:13.299 [Music] 585 00:32:15.380 --> 00:32:18.840 this is the Aurora Borealis or the 586 00:32:18.840 --> 00:32:21.600 northern lights and the night sky you 587 00:32:21.600 --> 00:32:24.480 can see the waves of dancing light where 588 00:32:24.480 --> 00:32:27.240 are the Northern Lights where can they 589 00:32:27.240 --> 00:32:30.000 be seen in the North or some magnetic 590 00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:32.039 poles is where you'll see their Sheen 591 00:32:32.039 --> 00:32:34.860 the Aurora Borealis caused by 592 00:32:34.860 --> 00:32:37.380 electrically charged particles colliding 593 00:32:37.380 --> 00:32:39.960 its Earth atmosphere from the Sun with 594 00:32:39.960 --> 00:32:42.779 some boat what causes these colors you 595 00:32:42.779 --> 00:32:45.179 can see in the sky and where are these 596 00:32:45.179 --> 00:32:47.880 particles coming from before they ignite 597 00:32:47.880 --> 00:32:51.120 when the solar wind is shot from the hot 598 00:32:51.120 --> 00:32:55.200 burning Sun out into space in all 599 00:32:55.200 --> 00:32:58.380 directions this solar wind is full of 600 00:32:58.380 --> 00:33:01.080 electrons and proton gas you know but 601 00:33:01.080 --> 00:33:02.870 it's mostly made 602 00:33:02.870 --> 00:33:05.940 [Music] 603 00:33:14.120 --> 00:33:17.460 for these particles to reach the Earth's 604 00:33:17.460 --> 00:33:20.159 atmosphere more about this I will teach 605 00:33:20.159 --> 00:33:22.500 these particles reach Earth they're push 606 00:33:22.500 --> 00:33:25.019 to Earth's magnetic fields to the North 607 00:33:25.019 --> 00:33:27.600 and South Poles protecting you like a 608 00:33:27.600 --> 00:33:30.179 shield I'm an electron and I'm about to 609 00:33:30.179 --> 00:33:32.519 reach the Earth's north pole falling 610 00:33:32.519 --> 00:33:35.580 from high energy to normal energy I'll 611 00:33:35.580 --> 00:33:38.700 show when I reach this normal energy I 612 00:33:38.700 --> 00:33:40.980 produce a photon this is where things 613 00:33:40.980 --> 00:33:43.919 get interesting you'll learn in the song 614 00:33:43.919 --> 00:33:46.440 when a photon hits Earth's atmosphere 615 00:33:46.440 --> 00:33:48.899 which is made up of air which includes 616 00:33:48.899 --> 00:33:51.779 oxygen and nitrogen the gases that will 617 00:33:51.779 --> 00:33:55.260 flare I am oxygen when a photon collides 618 00:33:55.260 --> 00:33:58.260 with me I spark the color in the Aurora 619 00:33:58.260 --> 00:34:00.840 that is seen as green my name is 620 00:34:00.840 --> 00:34:03.779 nitrogen and and when a photon doesn't 621 00:34:03.779 --> 00:34:06.179 hit me in the Earth's atmosphere my 622 00:34:06.179 --> 00:34:08.879 color is blue it's what you'll see these 623 00:34:08.879 --> 00:34:10.500 greens and blues come in different 624 00:34:10.500 --> 00:34:13.379 shades you see called the Aurora 625 00:34:13.379 --> 00:34:15.780 Borealis Nature's light shall we be 626 00:34:15.780 --> 00:34:18.780 these reactions do take place 60 to 300 627 00:34:18.780 --> 00:34:21.599 miles and the atmosphere of safety since 628 00:34:21.599 --> 00:34:23.879 you can't observe this color show very 629 00:34:23.879 --> 00:34:27.060 clear what other planets happen or a 630 00:34:27.060 --> 00:34:29.639 Borealis in their pole Saturn and 631 00:34:29.639 --> 00:34:31.739 Jupiter have some of these strong light 632 00:34:31.739 --> 00:34:34.260 shows what places in the north can you 633 00:34:34.260 --> 00:34:37.020 see the aurora geographically Alaska 634 00:34:37.020 --> 00:34:40.679 Canada and Scandinavia are just three 635 00:34:40.679 --> 00:34:43.619 see the aurora borealis's cousin in 636 00:34:43.619 --> 00:34:46.080 Antarctica glow but it goes by the name 637 00:34:46.080 --> 00:34:48.320 of Aurora Australia 638 00:34:48.320 --> 00:34:51.119 Galileo did coin the term aurora 639 00:34:51.119 --> 00:34:53.820 borealis first he coined this term in 640 00:34:53.820 --> 00:34:56.639 1619 because of the color bursts next 641 00:34:56.639 --> 00:34:59.940 time you see the aurora borealis now you 642 00:34:59.940 --> 00:35:03.560 will now just saw this natural 643 00:35:03.840 --> 00:35:06.889 [Music] 644 00:35:09.500 --> 00:35:12.590 [Music] 645 00:35:17.000 --> 00:35:19.560 magnetic poles is where you'll see their 646 00:35:19.560 --> 00:35:22.040 Sheen 647 00:35:22.219 --> 00:35:25.319 [Music] 648 00:35:29.400 --> 00:35:31.579 yeah 649 00:35:31.579 --> 00:35:35.339 we're Alpha Centauri the closest star 650 00:35:35.339 --> 00:35:39.599 system to the solar system your Earth is 651 00:35:39.599 --> 00:35:43.380 from Alpha Centauri is a triple star 652 00:35:43.380 --> 00:35:47.400 system or 4.37 light years away from 653 00:35:47.400 --> 00:35:51.839 your sun we're Alpha Centauri a an alpha 654 00:35:51.839 --> 00:35:54.960 Century B which forms a pair of stars 655 00:35:54.960 --> 00:35:58.320 called binary Alpha Centauri a 656 00:35:58.320 --> 00:36:02.219 officially rigel kanturas Alpha Centauri 657 00:36:02.219 --> 00:36:06.200 B officially toliman I trust Century C 658 00:36:06.200 --> 00:36:09.839 officially Proxima Centauri here we'll 659 00:36:09.839 --> 00:36:13.339 learn about our size and our Luminosity 660 00:36:13.339 --> 00:36:17.820 Alpha Centauri a and b r sun-like Stars 661 00:36:17.820 --> 00:36:20.040 we're the brightest stars in the 662 00:36:20.040 --> 00:36:22.980 constellation Centaurus by far Alpha 663 00:36:22.980 --> 00:36:26.460 Centauri a has 1.1 times the mass and 664 00:36:26.460 --> 00:36:30.180 1.5 times the Luminosity of the Sun in 665 00:36:30.180 --> 00:36:33.060 this class Alpha Centauri B is smaller 666 00:36:33.060 --> 00:36:35.700 and cooler you should know at point nine 667 00:36:35.700 --> 00:36:37.739 times the Sun's mass and point for the 668 00:36:37.739 --> 00:36:41.579 Luminosity shown we orbit around a 669 00:36:41.579 --> 00:36:44.820 Common Center or around one another so 670 00:36:44.820 --> 00:36:48.119 you'd understand better with an orbital 671 00:36:48.119 --> 00:36:51.480 period of almost 80 years by far and 672 00:36:51.480 --> 00:36:53.820 from a distance we're so close we look 673 00:36:53.820 --> 00:36:57.719 like one star I'm Proxima Centauri a 674 00:36:57.719 --> 00:37:00.359 small infant Red Dwarf star you cannot 675 00:37:00.359 --> 00:37:02.760 see me with the naked eye though I'm the 676 00:37:02.760 --> 00:37:06.540 closest star by far I'm above 4.24 light 677 00:37:06.540 --> 00:37:08.760 years from the earth and I'm the closest 678 00:37:08.760 --> 00:37:11.640 star to the Sun for what that is worth 679 00:37:11.640 --> 00:37:15.000 discovered in 1915 by astronomer Robert 680 00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:17.940 eins I'm sure in South Africa at the 681 00:37:17.940 --> 00:37:21.119 union Observatory and Johannesburg my 682 00:37:21.119 --> 00:37:23.940 Latin name Proxima Centauri means when 683 00:37:23.940 --> 00:37:26.280 this is defined the nearest star of 684 00:37:26.280 --> 00:37:28.560 Centaurus that's all that's assigned 685 00:37:28.560 --> 00:37:32.280 we're Alpha Centauri the closest star 686 00:37:32.280 --> 00:37:36.540 system to the solar system your Earth is 687 00:37:36.540 --> 00:37:40.320 from upper century is a triple star 688 00:37:40.320 --> 00:37:44.219 system where 4.37 light years away from 689 00:37:44.219 --> 00:37:48.780 your sun we're Alpha Centauri a an alpha 690 00:37:48.780 --> 00:37:51.780 Century B which forms a pair of stars 691 00:37:51.780 --> 00:37:55.200 called binary Alpha Centauri a 692 00:37:55.200 --> 00:37:59.160 officially rigel cantorus Alpha Centauri 693 00:37:59.160 --> 00:38:03.180 B officially toliman I trust Century C 694 00:38:03.180 --> 00:38:06.719 officially Proxima Centauri here we'll 695 00:38:06.719 --> 00:38:12.020 learn about our size and our luminosity 696 00:38:12.020 --> 00:38:16.560 this is a total solar eclipse come see 697 00:38:16.560 --> 00:38:19.320 my narrow path in which I travel on the 698 00:38:19.320 --> 00:38:22.859 Earth's surface this is a total solar 699 00:38:22.859 --> 00:38:27.239 eclipse my totality is onspiring so 700 00:38:27.239 --> 00:38:30.719 don't miss this this Celestial event is 701 00:38:30.719 --> 00:38:33.480 called the solar eclipse let me tell you 702 00:38:33.480 --> 00:38:36.239 about it so you can understand all this 703 00:38:36.239 --> 00:38:39.300 a solar eclipse is caused by the moon 704 00:38:39.300 --> 00:38:42.540 that is me I pass in between the Sun and 705 00:38:42.540 --> 00:38:44.760 the ear till black is what you see and 706 00:38:44.760 --> 00:38:47.760 here are several stages and some visual 707 00:38:47.760 --> 00:38:50.820 tips that you can use to recognize a 708 00:38:50.820 --> 00:38:54.780 total solar eclipse stage one is called 709 00:38:54.780 --> 00:38:57.900 a partial eclipse is when the sun's disk 710 00:38:57.900 --> 00:39:00.000 is partially blocked by the moon like 711 00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:02.460 this the stage two is called Bailey's 712 00:39:02.460 --> 00:39:04.440 Beast which are bright spots of light is 713 00:39:04.440 --> 00:39:06.540 when the lying valleys on the moon's 714 00:39:06.540 --> 00:39:08.040 Edge are allow sung right through that's 715 00:39:08.040 --> 00:39:10.440 right stage three is sometimes called 716 00:39:10.440 --> 00:39:12.900 the diamond ring the stage is key in 717 00:39:12.900 --> 00:39:15.020 which marks the last few seconds before 718 00:39:15.020 --> 00:39:17.880 totality and the last bit of sunlight 719 00:39:17.880 --> 00:39:19.980 that is able to shine Through The 720 00:39:19.980 --> 00:39:22.680 low-lying Valleys creates a single flash 721 00:39:22.680 --> 00:39:25.200 of light on the side of the moon the 722 00:39:25.200 --> 00:39:27.239 fourth and most important stage is 723 00:39:27.239 --> 00:39:30.119 called totality when the moon completely 724 00:39:30.119 --> 00:39:32.579 covers the disc of the sun this is what 725 00:39:32.579 --> 00:39:35.219 you see then comes the final stages in 726 00:39:35.219 --> 00:39:37.560 which the sun will grow and Crescent on 727 00:39:37.560 --> 00:39:39.540 the opposite side of the Bailey's beads 728 00:39:39.540 --> 00:39:42.660 which once had shown but before you see 729 00:39:42.660 --> 00:39:45.719 the celestial event there's a few safety 730 00:39:45.719 --> 00:39:48.420 precautions for eye injuries to prevent 731 00:39:48.420 --> 00:39:52.440 this is a total solar eclipse come see 732 00:39:52.440 --> 00:39:55.380 my narrow in which I travel on the 733 00:39:55.380 --> 00:39:58.920 Earth's surface this is a total solar 734 00:39:58.920 --> 00:40:03.300 eclipse my totality is all inspiring so 735 00:40:03.300 --> 00:40:07.160 don't miss this on Monday August 21st 736 00:40:07.160 --> 00:40:10.980 2017 there's a total solar eclipse North 737 00:40:10.980 --> 00:40:14.400 America we'll see but the totality you 738 00:40:14.400 --> 00:40:16.680 want to see can only be observed from 739 00:40:16.680 --> 00:40:19.020 Lincoln Beach Oregon to Charleston South 740 00:40:19.020 --> 00:40:21.540 Carolina so I've heard the path of 741 00:40:21.540 --> 00:40:25.079 totality is 70 miles why'd they say seen 742 00:40:25.079 --> 00:40:28.680 in 14 states in the continental U.S of a 743 00:40:28.680 --> 00:40:31.680 totality lasts a few minutes so be sure 744 00:40:31.680 --> 00:40:33.540 to be there and please you special 745 00:40:33.540 --> 00:40:36.119 safety glasses so your vision isn't 746 00:40:36.119 --> 00:40:38.760 impaired you can buy these special solar 747 00:40:38.760 --> 00:40:41.460 eclipse glasses online so protect your 748 00:40:41.460 --> 00:40:44.219 eyes from the sun while having a great 749 00:40:44.219 --> 00:40:48.239 time this is a total solar eclipse come 750 00:40:48.239 --> 00:40:51.060 see my narrow path in which I travel on 751 00:40:51.060 --> 00:40:54.300 the Earth's surface this is a tone all 752 00:40:54.300 --> 00:40:58.260 solar eclipse it's my totality is all 753 00:40:58.260 --> 00:41:01.320 inspiring so don't miss this a solar 754 00:41:01.320 --> 00:41:04.079 eclipse has several areas we need to 755 00:41:04.079 --> 00:41:06.660 discuss take a look at this picture to 756 00:41:06.660 --> 00:41:10.020 learn each part is a must use a penumbra 757 00:41:10.020 --> 00:41:12.300 a partially shaded outer region 758 00:41:12.300 --> 00:41:15.239 surrounding the Umbra of fully shaded 759 00:41:15.239 --> 00:41:17.760 inner part that's darkened a partial 760 00:41:17.760 --> 00:41:20.280 eclipse is what you're seeing right here 761 00:41:20.280 --> 00:41:22.920 when only part of the luminary of a 762 00:41:22.920 --> 00:41:25.980 celestial bodies dark in there this is a 763 00:41:25.980 --> 00:41:27.960 total eclipse it's red on your screen 764 00:41:27.960 --> 00:41:30.420 it's when the whole of the disc of the 765 00:41:30.420 --> 00:41:33.000 sun is covered that's what it means this 766 00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:36.839 is a total solar eclipse come see my 767 00:41:36.839 --> 00:41:39.359 narrow path in which I travel on the 768 00:41:39.359 --> 00:41:42.900 Earth's surface this is a total solar 769 00:41:42.900 --> 00:41:47.400 eclipse my totality is all inspiring so 770 00:41:47.400 --> 00:41:50.359 don't miss this 771 00:41:57.500 --> 00:41:59.839 I'm a star 772 00:41:59.839 --> 00:42:02.180 called the sun 773 00:42:02.180 --> 00:42:06.920 I'm the center of our solar system 774 00:42:06.920 --> 00:42:11.480 new evolve around me 775 00:42:11.480 --> 00:42:17.060 as we fly around the Galaxy 776 00:42:17.239 --> 00:42:21.680 all of the planets in our solar system 777 00:42:21.680 --> 00:42:25.350 they orbit well they follow me 778 00:42:25.350 --> 00:42:26.839 [Music] 779 00:42:26.839 --> 00:42:30.900 230 million years is the time I take to 780 00:42:30.900 --> 00:42:35.660 fly around the Milky Way galaxy 781 00:42:35.660 --> 00:42:40.020 I don't have a solid surface I'm made up 782 00:42:40.020 --> 00:42:45.079 of gases held together by my own gravity 783 00:42:45.079 --> 00:42:51.960 I'm made of 92.1 hydrogen H2 and 7.8 784 00:42:51.960 --> 00:42:55.040 percent helium AG 785 00:42:55.040 --> 00:42:57.319 I'm a star 786 00:42:57.319 --> 00:42:59.719 called the sun 787 00:42:59.719 --> 00:43:04.520 I'm the center of our solar system 788 00:43:04.520 --> 00:43:09.200 you revolve around me 789 00:43:09.200 --> 00:43:14.420 as we fly around the Galaxy 790 00:43:14.420 --> 00:43:20.719 my core is 25 of my total mass and 27 791 00:43:20.719 --> 00:43:23.599 million degrees 792 00:43:23.599 --> 00:43:28.260 my energy is the reason there is life on 793 00:43:28.260 --> 00:43:31.079 Earth there'll be no charge cause I'm 794 00:43:31.079 --> 00:43:33.300 totally free 795 00:43:33.300 --> 00:43:37.680 my mess makes up 99.8 percent of our 796 00:43:37.680 --> 00:43:41.040 solar system nothing in our systems hot 797 00:43:41.040 --> 00:43:43.040 as me 798 00:43:43.040 --> 00:43:45.319 I'm a star 799 00:43:45.319 --> 00:43:47.599 called the sun 800 00:43:47.599 --> 00:43:52.579 I'm the center of our solar system 801 00:43:52.579 --> 00:43:57.200 you revolve around me 802 00:43:57.200 --> 00:44:02.719 as we fly around the Galaxy 803 00:44:03.440 --> 00:44:12.540 [Music] 804 00:44:12.540 --> 00:44:15.070 foreign 805 00:44:15.070 --> 00:44:30.060 [Music] 806 00:44:33.500 --> 00:44:49.639 [Music] 807 00:44:49.819 --> 00:44:53.880 discovered by Scott Shepard at the ctio 808 00:44:53.880 --> 00:44:57.660 on August 13 2021 in the country of 809 00:44:57.660 --> 00:44:59.880 Chile you know Scott Shepherd discovered 810 00:44:59.880 --> 00:45:03.180 me using the dark energy survey or Des 811 00:45:03.180 --> 00:45:07.200 for short in space I'm on display I was 812 00:45:07.200 --> 00:45:11.280 discovered at a parent magnitude 19 from 813 00:45:11.280 --> 00:45:14.940 the earth let me explain just what that 814 00:45:14.940 --> 00:45:18.180 means apparent magnitude is a measure of 815 00:45:18.180 --> 00:45:20.900 the brightest of a star or other 816 00:45:20.900 --> 00:45:23.880 astronomical object observed from Earth 817 00:45:23.880 --> 00:45:29.400 so far I am 20 21 pitch 27. I am 818 00:45:29.400 --> 00:45:32.700 currently the new closest object to the 819 00:45:32.700 --> 00:45:35.940 sun I stole Mercury status of the sun's 820 00:45:35.940 --> 00:45:38.640 closest subject I'm here to prove this 821 00:45:38.640 --> 00:45:41.780 to you after my facts are checked my 822 00:45:41.780 --> 00:45:45.119 perihelion is closer than Mercury at the 823 00:45:45.119 --> 00:45:47.819 closest orbit to the sun my affiliate is 824 00:45:47.819 --> 00:45:49.739 further than Venus when my orbit 825 00:45:49.739 --> 00:45:52.020 farthest from the Sun I have the 826 00:45:52.020 --> 00:45:55.200 smallest semi minor axis of fun and 827 00:45:55.200 --> 00:45:57.660 shortest orbital period among all 828 00:45:57.660 --> 00:46:02.280 asteroids as of 2021 I take 113 days to 829 00:46:02.280 --> 00:46:04.680 orbit the bit the Sun that makes me the 830 00:46:04.680 --> 00:46:07.200 fastest orbiting asteroid and I'm not 831 00:46:07.200 --> 00:46:10.440 done I'm expected to be larger than one 832 00:46:10.440 --> 00:46:13.680 kilometer in diameter next to Mercury's 833 00:46:13.680 --> 00:46:17.280 diameter of 4 800 kilometers I'm smaller 834 00:46:17.280 --> 00:46:20.760 professionally designated 2021 ph-27 835 00:46:20.760 --> 00:46:23.219 while orbiting the Sun by the minor 836 00:46:23.219 --> 00:46:26.400 planet center on my run none of this 837 00:46:26.400 --> 00:46:28.460 info would be possible without 838 00:46:28.460 --> 00:46:30.780 astronomers maybe you could study 839 00:46:30.780 --> 00:46:33.660 astronomy inside of this world I'm sure 840 00:46:33.660 --> 00:46:40.739 I am 20 21 pH 27 I am currently the new 841 00:46:40.739 --> 00:46:43.440 closest object to the sun I stole 842 00:46:43.440 --> 00:46:46.020 Mercury status of the sun's closest 843 00:46:46.020 --> 00:46:48.839 subject I'm here to prove this to you 844 00:46:48.839 --> 00:46:53.420 after my facts are checked I am 20 21 845 00:46:53.420 --> 00:46:58.619 pitch 27. I am currently the new closest 846 00:46:58.619 --> 00:47:02.700 object to the sun I stole Mercury status 847 00:47:02.700 --> 00:47:03.960 checked 848 00:47:03.960 --> 00:47:12.079 [Music] 849 00:47:12.079 --> 00:47:15.420 We're All Stars We're All Stars compared 850 00:47:15.420 --> 00:47:18.359 to each other by size you can see a lot 851 00:47:18.359 --> 00:47:21.660 of us when you look into the night sky 852 00:47:21.660 --> 00:47:24.780 We're All Stars We're All Stars our 853 00:47:24.780 --> 00:47:28.200 colors Barry you know we're made mostly 854 00:47:28.200 --> 00:47:32.819 of hydrogen and helium here we go I'm 855 00:47:32.819 --> 00:47:37.319 the crab Pulsar a young neutron star on 856 00:47:37.319 --> 00:47:40.440 culvera an isolated neutron star that's 857 00:47:40.440 --> 00:47:45.180 far my name's Villa X1 I'm a neutron 858 00:47:45.180 --> 00:47:48.960 star as well serious B that's me a small 859 00:47:48.960 --> 00:47:53.200 white dwarf as you can tell I'm 860 00:47:53.200 --> 00:47:54.980 [Music] 861 00:47:54.980 --> 00:47:57.660 e-b-l-m-j-o-55-57ab my name's Trappist 862 00:47:57.660 --> 00:48:00.719 one an Ultra Cool Red Dwarf starring 863 00:48:00.719 --> 00:48:03.660 sight I'm Proxima Centauri a main 864 00:48:03.660 --> 00:48:08.040 sequence Red Dwarf star I am your son a 865 00:48:08.040 --> 00:48:11.700 yellow dwarf that isn't too far Alpha 866 00:48:11.700 --> 00:48:16.200 Centauri a is an orange star you see I 867 00:48:16.200 --> 00:48:19.260 am serious a a main sequence star that's 868 00:48:19.260 --> 00:48:22.140 me we're all stars We're All Stars 869 00:48:22.140 --> 00:48:24.839 compared to each other by size you can 870 00:48:24.839 --> 00:48:28.200 see a lot of us when you look into the 871 00:48:28.200 --> 00:48:31.260 night sky We're All Stars We're All 872 00:48:31.260 --> 00:48:34.380 Stars our colors Barry you know we're 873 00:48:34.380 --> 00:48:38.280 made mostly of hydrogen and helium here 874 00:48:38.280 --> 00:48:40.700 we go the 875 00:48:40.700 --> 00:48:44.280 352 contact by an Airy one and two 876 00:48:44.280 --> 00:48:46.920 composed of two very on bright massive 877 00:48:46.920 --> 00:48:49.980 stars that orbit each other it's true my 878 00:48:49.980 --> 00:48:53.780 name is polix a red giant star here 879 00:48:53.780 --> 00:48:57.719 Arcturus is a red giant star I hope I 880 00:48:57.719 --> 00:48:59.660 made that clear 881 00:48:59.660 --> 00:49:03.960 r136a1 is a wolf Riot star thus far I'm 882 00:49:03.960 --> 00:49:08.060 all the baron a red giant star that's me 883 00:49:08.060 --> 00:49:12.060 rigel is here a blue white super giant 884 00:49:12.060 --> 00:49:15.780 you can see I am Beetlejuice and I'm a 885 00:49:15.780 --> 00:49:19.140 red super giant in class the white Canis 886 00:49:19.140 --> 00:49:22.339 Majoris a red hyper Giant star with mass 887 00:49:22.339 --> 00:49:25.260 I'm you I screw tied the biggest red 888 00:49:25.260 --> 00:49:28.800 super giant this far join us to sing the 889 00:49:28.800 --> 00:49:31.380 chorus now get your head out of the 890 00:49:31.380 --> 00:49:34.140 Stars We're All Stars We're All Stars 891 00:49:34.140 --> 00:49:36.960 compared to each other by size you can 892 00:49:36.960 --> 00:49:40.079 see a lot of us when you look into the 893 00:49:40.079 --> 00:49:43.079 night sky right we're all stars We're 894 00:49:43.079 --> 00:49:45.900 All Stars our colors Berry you know 895 00:49:45.900 --> 00:49:49.739 we're made mostly of hydrogen and helium 896 00:49:49.739 --> 00:49:52.859 here we go we're all stars We're All 897 00:49:52.859 --> 00:49:55.920 Stars compared to each other by size you 898 00:49:55.920 --> 00:49:58.739 can see a lot of us when you look into 899 00:49:58.739 --> 00:50:02.460 the night sky We're All Stars We're All 900 00:50:02.460 --> 00:50:05.579 Stars our colors Barry you know we're 901 00:50:05.579 --> 00:50:09.480 made mostly of hydrogen and helium here 902 00:50:09.480 --> 00:50:11.160 we go 903 00:50:11.160 --> 00:50:13.670 foreign 904 00:50:13.670 --> 00:50:25.030 [Music] 905 00:50:28.010 --> 00:50:42.070 [Music] 906 00:50:46.520 --> 00:50:49.880 also known as RSG 907 00:50:49.880 --> 00:50:54.119 c2-18 I'm the new largest star found by 908 00:50:54.119 --> 00:50:58.079 men you know replacing us good tie in 909 00:50:58.079 --> 00:51:00.900 other largest Stars shown I'm a red 910 00:51:00.900 --> 00:51:03.540 super giant the largest stars in the 911 00:51:03.540 --> 00:51:06.900 universe in terms of volume you just 912 00:51:06.900 --> 00:51:10.079 learned this in this verse if Stevenson 913 00:51:10.079 --> 00:51:13.260 2-8 team replaced the Sun the solar 914 00:51:13.260 --> 00:51:15.660 system its voters fear would extend 915 00:51:15.660 --> 00:51:18.900 beyond the orbit of Saturn I have an 916 00:51:18.900 --> 00:51:21.200 estimated radius of 917 00:51:21.200 --> 00:51:24.900 2150 times that of the sun here's a bit 918 00:51:24.900 --> 00:51:27.780 more about me my volume's about 10 919 00:51:27.780 --> 00:51:31.079 billion times greater than the Sun a 920 00:51:31.079 --> 00:51:33.780 little fact you should know don't go I'm 921 00:51:33.780 --> 00:51:36.900 not done that was discovered by an 922 00:51:36.900 --> 00:51:40.200 American astronomer Charles Bruce 923 00:51:40.200 --> 00:51:44.520 Stevenson in 1990 I'm sure I'm a red 924 00:51:44.520 --> 00:51:48.300 super giant in the consolation of 925 00:51:48.300 --> 00:51:51.359 scrutum let's see how far I am from your 926 00:51:51.359 --> 00:51:54.719 nation I'm roughly 20 000 light years 927 00:51:54.719 --> 00:51:59.339 away from Earth you see I shine with 440 928 00:51:59.339 --> 00:52:02.460 000 solar luminosities I have an 929 00:52:02.460 --> 00:52:06.300 estimate of 2150 solar radii that's 930 00:52:06.300 --> 00:52:10.140 bigger than the star of us good time my 931 00:52:10.140 --> 00:52:13.339 effective temperature is about to be 932 00:52:13.339 --> 00:52:17.880 3200k meaning Kelvin I have so much more 933 00:52:17.880 --> 00:52:20.819 to say I'm the new champion of the 934 00:52:20.819 --> 00:52:23.520 universe largest Stars by size try to 935 00:52:23.520 --> 00:52:25.920 find me with your eyes when looking to 936 00:52:25.920 --> 00:52:30.440 the nice guy I'm Stevenson 937 00:52:30.440 --> 00:52:34.200 2-18 red super giant star the biggest 938 00:52:34.200 --> 00:52:38.760 you've ever seen the new biggest star in 939 00:52:38.760 --> 00:52:43.020 the universe in my I am much larger than 940 00:52:43.020 --> 00:52:47.900 you guys could die I'm Stevenson 941 00:52:47.900 --> 00:52:51.660 2-18 red super Giants are the biggest 942 00:52:51.660 --> 00:52:56.160 you've ever seen the new biggest star in 943 00:52:56.160 --> 00:53:00.599 the universe in my I am much larger than 944 00:53:00.599 --> 00:53:04.099 you guys could die 945 00:53:05.480 --> 00:53:08.599 did you know 946 00:53:08.599 --> 00:53:12.660 the place you call home is a habitable 947 00:53:12.660 --> 00:53:15.599 place in space called the Goldilocks 948 00:53:15.599 --> 00:53:17.300 sound 949 00:53:17.300 --> 00:53:21.359 it's a place in space 950 00:53:21.359 --> 00:53:25.040 a certain distance from our Star 951 00:53:25.040 --> 00:53:28.500 where liquid water could be found guess 952 00:53:28.500 --> 00:53:30.370 what it's where you are 953 00:53:30.370 --> 00:53:33.440 [Music] 954 00:53:33.440 --> 00:53:37.920 the goldilock zone is a habitable zone 955 00:53:37.920 --> 00:53:42.059 in an area around a star you know this 956 00:53:42.059 --> 00:53:45.359 zone is not too hot and it's not too 957 00:53:45.359 --> 00:53:48.239 cold for liquid water to exist so life 958 00:53:48.239 --> 00:53:49.520 can grow 959 00:53:49.520 --> 00:53:53.579 there is only one planet we know so far 960 00:53:53.579 --> 00:53:58.079 that is teeming with life of course the 961 00:53:58.079 --> 00:54:01.260 planet that we're sure can sustain real 962 00:54:01.260 --> 00:54:04.619 life has a well-known name it is the 963 00:54:04.619 --> 00:54:08.760 earth if the Earth were to move as far 964 00:54:08.760 --> 00:54:12.480 as Pluto the sun would be the size of a 965 00:54:12.480 --> 00:54:17.359 bee the oceans and atmosphere on Earth 966 00:54:17.359 --> 00:54:21.440 would immediately freeze 967 00:54:21.440 --> 00:54:26.700 but if Earth moved to the position of 968 00:54:26.700 --> 00:54:29.780 planet Mercury 969 00:54:29.780 --> 00:54:33.180 the Earth's water would quickly boil 970 00:54:33.180 --> 00:54:37.640 away there would be no more life you see 971 00:54:37.640 --> 00:54:41.160 the goldilocked zone is a habitable 972 00:54:41.160 --> 00:54:45.079 place where Earth sits from the Sun 973 00:54:45.079 --> 00:54:48.119 allowing water to stay liquid lit with 974 00:54:48.119 --> 00:54:50.520 Waters the source of life that's how 975 00:54:50.520 --> 00:54:54.599 life on Earth begun stars come in 976 00:54:54.599 --> 00:54:56.819 different sizes masses and temperatures 977 00:54:56.819 --> 00:54:59.460 throughout space size and temperature of 978 00:54:59.460 --> 00:55:01.739 a star determines the goldilock Zone's 979 00:55:01.739 --> 00:55:04.079 Place stars that are smaller and much 980 00:55:04.079 --> 00:55:06.719 cooler than the Sun have a habitable 981 00:55:06.719 --> 00:55:09.719 zone much closer to their star on its 982 00:55:09.719 --> 00:55:11.819 run stars that are hotter much larger 983 00:55:11.819 --> 00:55:14.339 and more massive than the Sun have their 984 00:55:14.339 --> 00:55:16.680 habitable zone much farther this 985 00:55:16.680 --> 00:55:20.839 concludes our fun did you know 986 00:55:20.839 --> 00:55:24.839 the place you call home is a habitable 987 00:55:24.839 --> 00:55:29.540 place in space called The goldilock Zone 988 00:55:29.540 --> 00:55:33.260 it's a place in space 989 00:55:33.260 --> 00:55:37.160 a certain distance from our Star 990 00:55:37.160 --> 00:55:40.559 where liquid water could be found guess 991 00:55:40.559 --> 00:55:44.359 what it's Where You Are 992 00:55:52.099 --> 00:55:55.800 there are eight planets in the solar 993 00:55:55.800 --> 00:56:00.540 system and we revolve around the sun 994 00:56:00.540 --> 00:56:03.739 join us to learn about the different 995 00:56:03.739 --> 00:56:07.800 planets Now sing along and have some fun 996 00:56:07.800 --> 00:56:11.219 my name is mercury I'm the second 997 00:56:11.219 --> 00:56:14.339 hottest planet of the close 998 00:56:14.339 --> 00:56:16.319 the close Sun 999 00:56:16.319 --> 00:56:20.940 a year on my Surface is 88 days I'm the 1000 00:56:20.940 --> 00:56:23.819 smallest but lots of fun 1001 00:56:23.819 --> 00:56:25.219 my name is Venus 1002 00:56:25.219 --> 00:56:27.140 [Music] 1003 00:56:27.140 --> 00:56:30.900 Planet but the second planet from the 1004 00:56:30.900 --> 00:56:32.599 Sun 1005 00:56:32.599 --> 00:56:36.719 brightest planet in our solar system and 1006 00:56:36.719 --> 00:56:41.719 I'm too hard for anyone my name is Earth 1007 00:56:41.719 --> 00:56:45.239 I'm the planet you live on in the third 1008 00:56:45.239 --> 00:56:48.059 planet from the Sun 1009 00:56:48.059 --> 00:56:52.440 I'm the only planet with Organic life so 1010 00:56:52.440 --> 00:56:56.099 take care of me cause we're all one 1011 00:56:56.099 --> 00:56:59.760 there are eight planets in the solar 1012 00:56:59.760 --> 00:57:04.559 system and we revolve around the sun 1013 00:57:04.559 --> 00:57:07.760 join us to learn about the different 1014 00:57:07.760 --> 00:57:11.880 planets missing along and have some fun 1015 00:57:11.880 --> 00:57:16.740 my name is Mars I am red in color and 1016 00:57:16.740 --> 00:57:20.339 the fourth planet from the Sun 1017 00:57:20.339 --> 00:57:23.700 I have the highest mountain in our solar 1018 00:57:23.700 --> 00:57:27.839 system a volcano named Olympus Mons 1019 00:57:27.839 --> 00:57:31.559 my name is Jupiter I am covered in 1020 00:57:31.559 --> 00:57:34.680 clouds and I'm the fifth planet from the 1021 00:57:34.680 --> 00:57:36.079 Sun 1022 00:57:36.079 --> 00:57:40.500 my giant red spot is a raging Storm as 1023 00:57:40.500 --> 00:57:44.700 for a size I'm the biggest one my name 1024 00:57:44.700 --> 00:57:49.020 is Saturn I am brown in color I'm the 1025 00:57:49.020 --> 00:57:52.079 sixth planet from the Sun 1026 00:57:52.079 --> 00:57:55.980 my outer rings are extremely thin 1027 00:57:55.980 --> 00:58:00.059 they're made of dust and icy jumps 1028 00:58:00.059 --> 00:58:03.720 there are eight planets in the solar 1029 00:58:03.720 --> 00:58:08.520 system and we revolve around the sun 1030 00:58:08.520 --> 00:58:11.720 join us to learn about the different 1031 00:58:11.720 --> 00:58:15.839 planets Now sing along and have some fun 1032 00:58:15.839 --> 00:58:20.700 my name's Uranus I am blue in color I'm 1033 00:58:20.700 --> 00:58:23.819 the seventh planet from the Sun 1034 00:58:23.819 --> 00:58:27.900 I orbit the sun once in 84 earth years 1035 00:58:27.900 --> 00:58:31.859 and was discovered in 1781. 1036 00:58:31.859 --> 00:58:35.760 my name is Neptune I'm also blue in 1037 00:58:35.760 --> 00:58:37.579 color I'm the eighth 1038 00:58:37.579 --> 00:58:40.200 from the Sun 1039 00:58:40.200 --> 00:58:43.740 I'm the last gas giant in our solar 1040 00:58:43.740 --> 00:58:48.119 system and I'm also the coldest one 1041 00:58:48.119 --> 00:58:51.780 there are eight planets in the solar 1042 00:58:51.780 --> 00:58:56.579 system and we above around the Sun 1043 00:58:56.579 --> 00:58:59.599 join us to learn about the different 1044 00:58:59.599 --> 00:59:05.000 planets Now sing along and have some fun 1045 00:59:12.319 --> 00:59:16.740 this is a size comparison of objects in 1046 00:59:16.740 --> 00:59:18.470 our universe 1047 00:59:18.470 --> 00:59:21.420 [Music] 1048 00:59:21.420 --> 00:59:24.839 start with the smallest and go to the 1049 00:59:24.839 --> 00:59:28.440 largest most well-known objects we know 1050 00:59:28.440 --> 00:59:29.819 of course 1051 00:59:29.819 --> 00:59:34.339 I am series I am a dwarf planet 1052 00:59:34.339 --> 00:59:37.260 makimaki is a dwarf planet as well but 1053 00:59:37.260 --> 00:59:41.220 didn't plan it I am hame a dwarf planet 1054 00:59:41.220 --> 00:59:42.740 in this group 1055 00:59:42.740 --> 00:59:46.380 Pluto is a dwarf but used to be a planet 1056 00:59:46.380 --> 00:59:50.520 it's true eeries is a dwarf planet in 1057 00:59:50.520 --> 00:59:53.880 this mix the Earth's moon is where your 1058 00:59:53.880 --> 00:59:58.140 eyes are transfixed Mercury is here an 1059 00:59:58.140 --> 01:00:01.859 official Planet I'm the planet of Mars 1060 01:00:01.859 --> 01:00:05.220 I'm sure you all know this I'm planet 1061 01:00:05.220 --> 01:00:08.480 Venus my size you may think is large 1062 01:00:08.480 --> 01:00:11.880 planet Earth is next and the humans 1063 01:00:11.880 --> 01:00:14.700 think that they're in charge Neptune's a 1064 01:00:14.700 --> 01:00:18.420 planet in our solar system wow planet 1065 01:00:18.420 --> 01:00:21.720 Uranus is here I wish I could take about 1066 01:00:21.720 --> 01:00:25.799 planet Saturn has rings if you think I 1067 01:00:25.799 --> 01:00:29.460 am big check a planet Jupiter I hope you 1068 01:00:29.460 --> 01:00:30.799 can dig 1069 01:00:30.799 --> 01:00:35.280 this is a size comparison of objects in 1070 01:00:35.280 --> 01:00:36.950 our universe 1071 01:00:36.950 --> 01:00:39.440 [Music] 1072 01:00:39.440 --> 01:00:43.079 we'll start with the smallest and go to 1073 01:00:43.079 --> 01:00:46.980 the largest most well-known objects we 1074 01:00:46.980 --> 01:00:50.400 know of course I am the Sun a yellow 1075 01:00:50.400 --> 01:00:54.180 dwarf that isn't far I am serious a 1076 01:00:54.180 --> 01:00:59.220 aiming sequence star my name is Pollux a 1077 01:00:59.220 --> 01:01:02.760 red giant star it's true Arcturus is a 1078 01:01:02.760 --> 01:01:05.839 red giant star this I thought you knew 1079 01:01:05.839 --> 01:01:09.059 I'm all Deborah and a red giant star 1080 01:01:09.059 --> 01:01:13.440 that's me hi I'm rigel April white super 1081 01:01:13.440 --> 01:01:16.920 giant you see I am Beetlejuice and I'm a 1082 01:01:16.920 --> 01:01:21.180 red super giant class I'm in touries I'm 1083 01:01:21.180 --> 01:01:24.420 a red super giant that won't last v y 1084 01:01:24.420 --> 01:01:27.720 can is Majoris a red hyper Giant star 1085 01:01:27.720 --> 01:01:30.480 I'm you I screw tied the biggest red 1086 01:01:30.480 --> 01:01:33.960 super giant this far I am the Milky Way 1087 01:01:33.960 --> 01:01:37.559 galaxy and you live in me now let's all 1088 01:01:37.559 --> 01:01:40.700 sing the chorus together with 1089 01:01:40.700 --> 01:01:45.180 this is a size comparison of objects in 1090 01:01:45.180 --> 01:01:47.860 our universe 1091 01:01:47.860 --> 01:01:49.799 [Music] 1092 01:01:49.799 --> 01:01:53.280 start with the smallest and go to the 1093 01:01:53.280 --> 01:01:56.940 largest most well-known objects we know 1094 01:01:56.940 --> 01:02:01.740 of course this is a size comparison of 1095 01:02:01.740 --> 01:02:05.880 objects in our universe 1096 01:02:06.960 --> 01:02:10.319 we'll start with the smallest and go to 1097 01:02:10.319 --> 01:02:14.220 the largest most well-known objects we 1098 01:02:14.220 --> 01:02:16.260 know of course 1099 01:02:16.260 --> 01:02:18.119 [Music] 1100 01:02:18.119 --> 01:02:20.359 foreign 1101 01:02:24.890 --> 01:02:33.179 [Music] 1102 01:02:38.270 --> 01:02:47.480 [Music] 1103 01:02:47.480 --> 01:02:49.859 light years from your Earth with 1104 01:02:49.859 --> 01:02:52.500 exoplanet I must start with a 1105 01:02:52.500 --> 01:02:55.559 circumstellar disk from the distance of 1106 01:02:55.559 --> 01:02:59.700 0.2 Au to a few hundred Au now this I'm 1107 01:02:59.700 --> 01:03:02.099 found in the constellation I must go 1108 01:03:02.099 --> 01:03:04.559 hear this I'm a b type star with an 1109 01:03:04.559 --> 01:03:07.980 exoplanet that does Orbit I have an 1110 01:03:07.980 --> 01:03:11.040 exoplanet that goes by the name you see 1111 01:03:11.040 --> 01:03:14.350 it is hd100546b 1112 01:03:14.350 --> 01:03:16.079 [Music] 1113 01:03:16.079 --> 01:03:21.420 I'm ht100 546b I was discovered at the 1114 01:03:21.420 --> 01:03:24.260 very large telescope in Chile 1115 01:03:24.260 --> 01:03:26.880 astronomers think I might be a large 1116 01:03:26.880 --> 01:03:29.579 planet or brown dwarf located in the 1117 01:03:29.579 --> 01:03:32.599 disc around my star on my orbital course 1118 01:03:32.599 --> 01:03:35.819 I'ma guess Giant exoplan and they know 1119 01:03:35.819 --> 01:03:38.660 this for sure my Mass is 1120 01:03:38.660 --> 01:03:43.859 752 Jupiters one orbit takes 249 years 1121 01:03:43.859 --> 01:03:47.880 around my star I'm 53 Au away from my 1122 01:03:47.880 --> 01:03:51.359 star that is far my Discovery was 1123 01:03:51.359 --> 01:03:54.960 announced in 2014. that's all I have to 1124 01:03:54.960 --> 01:03:58.619 report that's enough about me I am back 1125 01:03:58.619 --> 01:04:00.559 again it's HD 1126 01:04:00.559 --> 01:04:04.319 100546 let me tell you a bit more about 1127 01:04:04.319 --> 01:04:07.079 my desk my circumstellar disc was 1128 01:04:07.079 --> 01:04:10.020 observed by the Hubble telescope which 1129 01:04:10.020 --> 01:04:12.660 should spiral patterns what they mean no 1130 01:04:12.660 --> 01:04:16.140 one really knows my disc is fairly flat 1131 01:04:16.140 --> 01:04:19.140 with a circular shape with a wide Gap 1132 01:04:19.140 --> 01:04:22.200 thought to be carved by my exoplanet how 1133 01:04:22.200 --> 01:04:25.140 great when looking at the night sky try 1134 01:04:25.140 --> 01:04:28.799 to locate the constellation of Muska but 1135 01:04:28.799 --> 01:04:31.559 you have to look late I'm a star 1136 01:04:31.559 --> 01:04:35.220 surrounded by a circumstellar disc my 1137 01:04:35.220 --> 01:04:37.700 name is 1138 01:04:37.700 --> 01:04:41.640 ac100546. I'm a star surrounded by a 1139 01:04:41.640 --> 01:04:43.680 circumstellar disc from the 1140 01:04:43.680 --> 01:04:48.739 constellation of Muska now hear this 1141 01:04:51.260 --> 01:04:55.079 we're Alpha Centauri the closest star 1142 01:04:55.079 --> 01:04:59.339 system to the solar system your Earth is 1143 01:04:59.339 --> 01:05:03.000 from alpha century is a triple star 1144 01:05:03.000 --> 01:05:07.079 system or 4.37 light years away from 1145 01:05:07.079 --> 01:05:11.579 your son we're Alpha Centauri a an alpha 1146 01:05:11.579 --> 01:05:14.640 Century B which forms a pair of stars 1147 01:05:14.640 --> 01:05:18.000 called binary Alpha Centauri a 1148 01:05:18.000 --> 01:05:21.900 officially rigel cantorus Alpha Centauri 1149 01:05:21.900 --> 01:05:24.660 B officially totally mine I trust 1150 01:05:24.660 --> 01:05:28.680 Century C officially Proxima Centauri 1151 01:05:28.680 --> 01:05:31.880 here we'll learn about our size and our 1152 01:05:31.880 --> 01:05:36.359 Luminosity Alpha Centauri a and b r 1153 01:05:36.359 --> 01:05:39.119 sun-like Stars we're the brightest stars 1154 01:05:39.119 --> 01:05:41.940 in the constellation Centaurus by far 1155 01:05:41.940 --> 01:05:45.720 Alpha Centauri a has 1.1 times the mass 1156 01:05:45.720 --> 01:05:48.900 and 1.5 times the Luminosity of the Sun 1157 01:05:48.900 --> 01:05:52.260 on in this class Alpha Centauri B is 1158 01:05:52.260 --> 01:05:54.780 smaller and cooler you should know at 1159 01:05:54.780 --> 01:05:56.579 point nine times the Sun's mass and 1160 01:05:56.579 --> 01:05:59.819 point for the Luminosity shown we orbit 1161 01:05:59.819 --> 01:06:03.359 around a Common Center or around one 1162 01:06:03.359 --> 01:06:07.079 another so you'd understand better with 1163 01:06:07.079 --> 01:06:10.440 an orbital period of almost 80 years by 1164 01:06:10.440 --> 01:06:12.900 far and from a distance we're so close 1165 01:06:12.900 --> 01:06:16.380 we look like one star I'm Proxima 1166 01:06:16.380 --> 01:06:18.839 Centauri a small and faint Red Dwarf 1167 01:06:18.839 --> 01:06:21.299 star you cannot see me with the naked 1168 01:06:21.299 --> 01:06:23.700 eye though I'm the closest star by far 1169 01:06:23.700 --> 01:06:27.119 I'm above 4.24 light years from the 1170 01:06:27.119 --> 01:06:29.520 earth and I'm the closest star to the 1171 01:06:29.520 --> 01:06:32.400 Sun for what that is worth discovered in 1172 01:06:32.400 --> 01:06:35.700 1915 by astronomer Robert eins I'm sure 1173 01:06:35.700 --> 01:06:38.880 in South Africa at the union Observatory 1174 01:06:38.880 --> 01:06:42.299 and Johannesburg my Latin name Proxima 1175 01:06:42.299 --> 01:06:44.940 Centauri means when this is defined the 1176 01:06:44.940 --> 01:06:47.280 nearest star of Centaurus that's all 1177 01:06:47.280 --> 01:06:51.180 that's assigned we're Alpha Centauri the 1178 01:06:51.180 --> 01:06:54.539 closest star system to the solar system 1179 01:06:54.539 --> 01:06:59.099 your Earth is from up a century is a 1180 01:06:59.099 --> 01:07:02.819 triple star system where 4.37 light 1181 01:07:02.819 --> 01:07:06.299 years away from your sun we're Alpha 1182 01:07:06.299 --> 01:07:09.839 Centauri a an alpha Century B which 1183 01:07:09.839 --> 01:07:12.859 forms a pair of stars called binary 1184 01:07:12.859 --> 01:07:16.440 Alpha Centauri a officially rigel 1185 01:07:16.440 --> 01:07:19.799 cantorus Alpha Centauri B officially 1186 01:07:19.799 --> 01:07:22.760 totally mine I trust Century C 1187 01:07:22.760 --> 01:07:26.400 officially Proxima Centauri here we'll 1188 01:07:26.400 --> 01:07:31.270 learn about our size and our luminosity 1189 01:07:31.270 --> 01:07:46.090 [Music] 1190 01:07:46.819 --> 01:07:50.339 come and join me and see there are three 1191 01:07:50.339 --> 01:07:53.780 types of black holes according to 1192 01:07:53.780 --> 01:07:57.119 primordial stellar and supermassive like 1193 01:07:57.119 --> 01:08:00.599 me the primordial's a tiny hypothetical 1194 01:08:00.599 --> 01:08:04.079 black hole in 1974 Stephen Hawking 1195 01:08:04.079 --> 01:08:07.200 theorize its role primordials were 1196 01:08:07.200 --> 01:08:10.140 formed in the early universe but we'll 1197 01:08:10.140 --> 01:08:12.359 learn about this more when I teach that 1198 01:08:12.359 --> 01:08:15.720 topics course on to the most common type 1199 01:08:15.720 --> 01:08:17.819 called the Stellar black hole but let's 1200 01:08:17.819 --> 01:08:20.580 first see why a star exists before loses 1201 01:08:20.580 --> 01:08:23.339 control the pressure from nuclear fuel 1202 01:08:23.339 --> 01:08:25.259 in the core pushes I worked so greatly 1203 01:08:25.259 --> 01:08:27.839 while upwards of equal power pushing in 1204 01:08:27.839 --> 01:08:29.698 is caused by gravity 1205 01:08:29.698 --> 01:08:32.339 equal pressure does create the star's 1206 01:08:32.339 --> 01:08:34.859 main secret stage this means the star is 1207 01:08:34.859 --> 01:08:37.738 stable and it's present burning age when 1208 01:08:37.738 --> 01:08:39.839 starts with your son's Mass run out of 1209 01:08:39.839 --> 01:08:42.660 nuclear fuel in its core it becomes a 1210 01:08:42.660 --> 01:08:44.939 red giant thing quietly becomes a white 1211 01:08:44.939 --> 01:08:47.580 door but starts with 25 times the mass 1212 01:08:47.580 --> 01:08:50.339 of your solar system Sun runs out of 1213 01:08:50.339 --> 01:08:52.380 nuclear fuel it's gravity crushes the 1214 01:08:52.380 --> 01:08:54.960 core and it becomes a stellar bike hole 1215 01:08:54.960 --> 01:08:56.698 it's the most common type in the 1216 01:08:56.698 --> 01:08:59.580 universe after the chorus I'll tell you 1217 01:08:59.580 --> 01:09:01.729 how created of course 1218 01:09:01.729 --> 01:09:08.359 [Music] 1219 01:09:08.359 --> 01:09:10.990 galaxies 1220 01:09:10.990 --> 01:09:18.319 [Music] 1221 01:09:18.319 --> 01:09:21.120 black hole the third type of black hole 1222 01:09:21.120 --> 01:09:23.460 scene believed to be found in the center 1223 01:09:23.460 --> 01:09:26.460 of any major Galaxy of black holes a 1224 01:09:26.460 --> 01:09:29.040 region of space reports of gravity so 1225 01:09:29.040 --> 01:09:30.359 strong and nothing 1226 01:09:30.359 --> 01:09:32.698 been like an escape you've learned this 1227 01:09:32.698 --> 01:09:35.819 in this song I'll acquired my mass it's 1228 01:09:35.819 --> 01:09:37.859 still yet to be determined and 1229 01:09:37.859 --> 01:09:40.439 astronomers are still working on how 1230 01:09:40.439 --> 01:09:43.198 important that certain some comfort from 1231 01:09:43.198 --> 01:09:45.238 the collapse of massive clouds of gas 1232 01:09:45.238 --> 01:09:48.120 during the early stages of formation of 1233 01:09:48.120 --> 01:09:50.640 galaxies with mass my parts start with 1234 01:09:50.640 --> 01:09:53.279 the accretion disc orbiting around me 1235 01:09:53.279 --> 01:09:55.679 it's superheated gas and dust swirling 1236 01:09:55.679 --> 01:09:58.560 around the singularity The Singularity 1237 01:09:58.560 --> 01:10:01.080 at the very center of a Michael you see 1238 01:10:01.080 --> 01:10:03.660 made up of matter collapsed into a 1239 01:10:03.660 --> 01:10:06.238 region of infinite density the event 1240 01:10:06.238 --> 01:10:09.060 Horizons the radius around a singularity 1241 01:10:09.060 --> 01:10:11.160 where energy and matter cannot escape 1242 01:10:11.160 --> 01:10:14.340 the black holes Gravity the inner 1243 01:10:14.340 --> 01:10:16.580 foreign 1244 01:10:19.270 --> 01:10:26.989 [Music] 1245 01:10:30.450 --> 01:10:58.080 [Music] 1246 01:11:03.270 --> 01:11:05.219 [Music] 1247 01:11:05.219 --> 01:11:06.550 foreign 1248 01:11:06.550 --> 01:11:16.069 [Music] 1249 01:11:17.040 --> 01:11:20.040 constellation 1250 01:11:20.150 --> 01:11:23.270 [Music] 1251 01:11:25.280 --> 01:11:28.120 I am the brightest so far 1252 01:11:28.120 --> 01:11:30.080 [Music] 1253 01:11:30.080 --> 01:11:34.560 William Herschel studied astronomy in 1254 01:11:34.560 --> 01:11:39.000 the year of 1781 he discovered me I have 1255 01:11:39.000 --> 01:11:42.380 an estimated age of seven to nine 1256 01:11:42.380 --> 01:11:45.659 million years as for an estimate that's 1257 01:11:45.659 --> 01:11:49.320 fine I've exhausted my core of hydrogen 1258 01:11:49.320 --> 01:11:52.500 fuel becoming a super giant after I 1259 01:11:52.500 --> 01:11:55.560 expanded and I cool I expect to end my 1260 01:11:55.560 --> 01:11:58.380 life as a type 2 Supernova here is more 1261 01:11:58.380 --> 01:12:00.840 leaving a neutron star or black hole but 1262 01:12:00.840 --> 01:12:03.600 no one knows for sure I'm classified as 1263 01:12:03.600 --> 01:12:05.820 a blue white supergiant star how fun 1264 01:12:05.820 --> 01:12:08.100 which is a hot luminous star that's 1265 01:12:08.100 --> 01:12:11.219 bigger than your son I belong to the 1266 01:12:11.219 --> 01:12:15.238 Orion constellation locate me from the 1267 01:12:15.238 --> 01:12:18.479 celestial equator from Earth on my run I 1268 01:12:18.479 --> 01:12:21.179 am visible throughout the world of this 1269 01:12:21.179 --> 01:12:24.659 I am sure located in the Hunter's leg of 1270 01:12:24.659 --> 01:12:27.420 Orion ayisher from the earth my distance 1271 01:12:27.420 --> 01:12:31.140 is 860 light years to be clear one light 1272 01:12:31.140 --> 01:12:33.719 year is the distance light travels in 1273 01:12:33.719 --> 01:12:38.280 one Earth year 61 500 to 363 1274 01:12:38.280 --> 01:12:40.620 000 times as luminous says the sun my 1275 01:12:40.620 --> 01:12:43.020 brightness is so Grand but I'll vary 1276 01:12:43.020 --> 01:12:45.600 slightly in brightness until the day I'm 1277 01:12:45.600 --> 01:12:48.300 done I'm thought to be 18 to 24 times 1278 01:12:48.300 --> 01:12:51.540 more massive than your son my radius is 1279 01:12:51.540 --> 01:12:53.698 a straight line from my Center to my 1280 01:12:53.698 --> 01:12:55.860 circumference which is more than 70 1281 01:12:55.860 --> 01:12:58.738 times that of your sun in reference my 1282 01:12:58.738 --> 01:13:02.460 surface temperature is 12 100 KK meaning 1283 01:13:02.460 --> 01:13:05.698 Kelvin a base unit of temperature in the 1284 01:13:05.698 --> 01:13:08.159 s i I say the next time you're out at 1285 01:13:08.159 --> 01:13:10.860 night look for Orion in the sky look for 1286 01:13:10.860 --> 01:13:13.620 the Hunter's leg I'm bright to the naked 1287 01:13:13.620 --> 01:13:17.040 eye my name is rigel 1288 01:13:17.040 --> 01:13:21.380 blue white super giant star 1289 01:13:21.380 --> 01:13:25.280 in the Orion constellation 1290 01:13:25.280 --> 01:13:29.580 I am the brightest so far 1291 01:13:29.580 --> 01:13:33.140 my name is rigel 1292 01:13:33.780 --> 01:13:37.560 the white super giant star 1293 01:13:37.560 --> 01:13:41.580 in the Orion constellation 1294 01:13:41.580 --> 01:13:44.160 I am the brightest so far 1295 01:13:44.160 --> 01:13:48.780 [Music] 1296 01:13:52.198 --> 01:13:55.080 full energy we'll see how solar panel 1297 01:13:55.080 --> 01:13:58.080 cells produce for electricity our Sun's 1298 01:13:58.080 --> 01:14:00.900 a nuclear reactor shooting photons at us 1299 01:14:00.900 --> 01:14:02.698 for free let's harness this power 1300 01:14:02.698 --> 01:14:06.300 through silicon into batteries what is 1301 01:14:06.300 --> 01:14:08.760 solar power it's the conversion of 1302 01:14:08.760 --> 01:14:12.080 energy from our sunlight into 1303 01:14:12.080 --> 01:14:15.659 electricity our Sun's a natural nuclear 1304 01:14:15.659 --> 01:14:18.420 reactor you should know it's the most 1305 01:14:18.420 --> 01:14:20.880 abundant energy resource on Earth I'll 1306 01:14:20.880 --> 01:14:23.340 show now what's a photon they're light 1307 01:14:23.340 --> 01:14:25.620 particles produced by the sun they're 1308 01:14:25.620 --> 01:14:27.840 made by nuclear fusion shot into space 1309 01:14:27.840 --> 01:14:30.540 in all directions it takes eight minutes 1310 01:14:30.540 --> 01:14:33.420 and 20 seconds for a photon to run 1311 01:14:33.420 --> 01:14:36.300 before it reaches our Earth from the 1312 01:14:36.300 --> 01:14:38.900 surface of our sun photons are made of 1313 01:14:38.900 --> 01:14:41.760 electromagnetic radiation their tiny 1314 01:14:41.760 --> 01:14:43.560 packets of energy I convert into 1315 01:14:43.560 --> 01:14:46.460 electricity for fun 1316 01:14:46.460 --> 01:14:50.000 Excel a solar cellular C I'm like an 1317 01:14:50.000 --> 01:14:52.979 electrical Leaf I use the Sun to produce 1318 01:14:52.979 --> 01:14:56.040 energy solar panels are made up of me 1319 01:14:56.040 --> 01:14:58.439 small solar cells these cells are made 1320 01:14:58.439 --> 01:15:01.198 from Silicon of this I will tell 1321 01:15:01.198 --> 01:15:04.679 silicone is a semiconductor for what it 1322 01:15:04.679 --> 01:15:07.260 is worth and one of the most abundant 1323 01:15:07.260 --> 01:15:10.620 elements on the planet Earth in a solar 1324 01:15:10.620 --> 01:15:12.960 cell there are three layers shown right 1325 01:15:12.960 --> 01:15:16.560 here I will tell you about each layer as 1326 01:15:16.560 --> 01:15:19.320 they appear the fintoplayer does contain 1327 01:15:19.320 --> 01:15:22.500 silicon you should know and a tiny 1328 01:15:22.500 --> 01:15:25.140 amount of an element called phosphorus I 1329 01:15:25.140 --> 01:15:27.719 showed the phosphorus has more electrons 1330 01:15:27.719 --> 01:15:30.300 and the Silicon does that means there 1331 01:15:30.300 --> 01:15:32.400 are more electrons making this area more 1332 01:15:32.400 --> 01:15:34.439 conductive this layer with the 1333 01:15:34.439 --> 01:15:36.960 phosphorus gives electrons more room to 1334 01:15:36.960 --> 01:15:39.360 roam which makes it negatively charred 1335 01:15:39.360 --> 01:15:41.760 so it's called the n-type as shown the 1336 01:15:41.760 --> 01:15:44.280 bottom layer contains a silicon and an 1337 01:15:44.280 --> 01:15:46.500 element called Boron which has fewer 1338 01:15:46.500 --> 01:15:49.080 electrons than the surrounding silicon 1339 01:15:49.080 --> 01:15:52.140 because few real electrons and Slayers 1340 01:15:52.140 --> 01:15:54.420 positively charge that's why it's called 1341 01:15:54.420 --> 01:15:57.780 the p-type layer as shown at large my 1342 01:15:57.780 --> 01:16:00.960 middle layer is called the PN Junction 1343 01:16:00.960 --> 01:16:03.840 so we'll see what happens when photons 1344 01:16:03.840 --> 01:16:06.900 hit me from the Sun so it can atoms are 1345 01:16:06.900 --> 01:16:09.060 connected to its neighbor by four strong 1346 01:16:09.060 --> 01:16:11.340 bonds this keeps the electrons in place 1347 01:16:11.340 --> 01:16:14.100 in which I'm not so fond when a photon 1348 01:16:14.100 --> 01:16:16.320 shoots into a solar cell with enough 1349 01:16:16.320 --> 01:16:19.679 energy it can knock up an electron from 1350 01:16:19.679 --> 01:16:22.080 its Bond leaving a hole you see the 1351 01:16:22.080 --> 01:16:23.820 negatively charged electron then 1352 01:16:23.820 --> 01:16:26.400 positively charged hole are now free to 1353 01:16:26.400 --> 01:16:28.500 roam around but there's only one way 1354 01:16:28.500 --> 01:16:31.140 each can go because of the electrical 1355 01:16:31.140 --> 01:16:34.020 field in the PN Junction the electrons 1356 01:16:34.020 --> 01:16:35.820 drawn to the end type and the hole is 1357 01:16:35.820 --> 01:16:37.979 gone to the p-type they run the mobile 1358 01:16:37.979 --> 01:16:40.439 electrons are collected by metal strips 1359 01:16:40.439 --> 01:16:42.360 at the top of the solar cell from there 1360 01:16:42.360 --> 01:16:44.219 they flow to the external circuit to 1361 01:16:44.219 --> 01:16:46.738 power a life all by itself they flip 1362 01:16:46.738 --> 01:16:48.420 through and return to the conductive 1363 01:16:48.420 --> 01:16:50.698 aluminum sheet on my back then they 1364 01:16:50.698 --> 01:16:52.738 returned from where they came from with 1365 01:16:52.738 --> 01:16:55.500 no waste that's a fact a single solar 1366 01:16:55.500 --> 01:16:58.260 panel has many solar cells to create 1367 01:16:58.260 --> 01:17:00.420 more energy in a small space to keep 1368 01:17:00.420 --> 01:17:02.640 your home running well when too much 1369 01:17:02.640 --> 01:17:04.738 energies produce tickets sent back to 1370 01:17:04.738 --> 01:17:07.140 the electrical grid to help produce more 1371 01:17:07.140 --> 01:17:09.960 electricity for some other kid the sun 1372 01:17:09.960 --> 01:17:12.960 produces more energy each hour than we 1373 01:17:12.960 --> 01:17:15.179 will ever need there's so many ways that 1374 01:17:15.179 --> 01:17:18.300 we can create renewable energy this is a 1375 01:17:18.300 --> 01:17:21.000 solar Expedition on renewable energy 1376 01:17:21.000 --> 01:17:23.820 we'll see how solar panel cells produce 1377 01:17:23.820 --> 01:17:26.760 free electricity our Sun's a nuclear 1378 01:17:26.760 --> 01:17:29.340 reactor shooting photons at us for free 1379 01:17:29.340 --> 01:17:31.979 let's harness this power through silicon 1380 01:17:31.979 --> 01:17:34.198 into batteries 1381 01:17:34.198 --> 01:17:37.198 foreign 1382 01:17:38.670 --> 01:17:47.489 [Music] 1383 01:17:51.070 --> 01:17:59.029 [Music] 1384 01:18:01.520 --> 01:18:04.340 when French astronomers 1385 01:18:04.340 --> 01:18:07.679 locked me in my recordings begun a red 1386 01:18:07.679 --> 01:18:10.500 Class M hyper Giants what I'm classified 1387 01:18:10.500 --> 01:18:13.500 as hell let's focus a bit closer and 1388 01:18:13.500 --> 01:18:16.198 what makes up this dark class hyper 1389 01:18:16.198 --> 01:18:18.860 giant Stars show tremendous 1390 01:18:18.860 --> 01:18:21.540 luminosity's and have very high rates of 1391 01:18:21.540 --> 01:18:24.179 mass loss by Stellar wins you see 1392 01:18:24.179 --> 01:18:27.000 distance from the earth is about 4 000 1393 01:18:27.000 --> 01:18:29.939 light years away one light year equals 1394 01:18:29.939 --> 01:18:33.479 about 5.9 trillion miles I'd say I used 1395 01:18:33.479 --> 01:18:36.000 to be the largest star in the universe 1396 01:18:36.000 --> 01:18:37.738 to see 1397 01:18:37.738 --> 01:18:40.500 hyper giants like your wife's got tied 1398 01:18:40.500 --> 01:18:45.479 towards me lion by Candace Majoris 1399 01:18:45.479 --> 01:18:48.960 one of the largest Stars known in the 1400 01:18:48.960 --> 01:18:52.738 present Universe I am v y Candace 1401 01:18:52.738 --> 01:18:54.238 Majoris 1402 01:18:54.238 --> 01:18:57.840 my home's a Milky Way galaxy this is an 1403 01:18:57.840 --> 01:19:00.900 Interstellar course if you wanna locate 1404 01:19:00.900 --> 01:19:03.360 me while looking up in the night sky 1405 01:19:03.360 --> 01:19:05.880 you'd have to use the telescope you 1406 01:19:05.880 --> 01:19:08.640 can't see me with the naked eye if you 1407 01:19:08.640 --> 01:19:10.738 have a telescope pointed to the 1408 01:19:10.738 --> 01:19:13.620 constellation of Candace major and look 1409 01:19:13.620 --> 01:19:15.780 to the left to the Delta star for a 1410 01:19:15.780 --> 01:19:18.360 fixation 900 1411 01:19:18.360 --> 01:19:21.300 10 kilometers is my radius aren't you 1412 01:19:21.300 --> 01:19:23.520 glad you are paying attention and 1413 01:19:23.520 --> 01:19:26.840 learning all of this 1414 01:19:26.840 --> 01:19:30.360 5822 degrees in Fahrenheit is what my 1415 01:19:30.360 --> 01:19:33.000 temperature is about to be I'm hot and 1416 01:19:33.000 --> 01:19:36.120 extremely bright if I replace the sun in 1417 01:19:36.120 --> 01:19:38.820 your present solar system I would 1418 01:19:38.820 --> 01:19:41.159 consume my planet's past Jupiter like 1419 01:19:41.159 --> 01:19:44.530 they were crumbs Majoris 1420 01:19:44.530 --> 01:19:48.020 [Music] 1421 01:19:48.020 --> 01:19:52.320 Stars known in the present Universe I am 1422 01:19:52.320 --> 01:19:55.320 b-y Canis Majoris 1423 01:19:55.320 --> 01:19:58.860 my home's a Milky Way galaxy this is an 1424 01:19:58.860 --> 01:20:01.320 Interstellar course massive stars like 1425 01:20:01.320 --> 01:20:04.560 me we live a very very short life I'm 1426 01:20:04.560 --> 01:20:07.080 reaching the end of my existence which 1427 01:20:07.080 --> 01:20:09.780 is part of my Strife I rapidly shed 1428 01:20:09.780 --> 01:20:12.300 Mouse because I'm running out of fuel in 1429 01:20:12.300 --> 01:20:14.460 my course scientists think I'll explode 1430 01:20:14.460 --> 01:20:17.159 into a supernova but no one knows for 1431 01:20:17.159 --> 01:20:21.600 sure I am by Canis Majoris 1432 01:20:21.600 --> 01:20:22.860 one of the 1433 01:20:22.860 --> 01:20:25.439 one of those Stars known in the present 1434 01:20:25.439 --> 01:20:30.238 Universe I am v y Canis Majoris 1435 01:20:30.238 --> 01:20:33.780 my home's a Milky Way galaxy this is an 1436 01:20:33.780 --> 01:20:37.320 Interstellar course I am the why Candace 1437 01:20:37.320 --> 01:20:39.000 Majoris 1438 01:20:39.000 --> 01:20:42.360 one of the largest Stars known in the 1439 01:20:42.360 --> 01:20:46.198 present Universe I am v y Candace 1440 01:20:46.198 --> 01:20:47.640 Majoris 1441 01:20:47.640 --> 01:20:51.300 my home's a Milky Way galaxy this is an 1442 01:20:51.300 --> 01:20:54.229 Interstellar course 1443 01:20:54.229 --> 01:20:57.800 [Music] 1444 01:20:57.800 --> 01:21:01.738 I am Beetlejuice I'm nearing the end of 1445 01:21:01.738 --> 01:21:04.620 my life one of the top 10 brightest 1446 01:21:04.620 --> 01:21:07.620 stars up in the night sky I am a red 1447 01:21:07.620 --> 01:21:11.159 super giant expected to explode into a 1448 01:21:11.159 --> 01:21:14.040 supernova in a hundred thousand years or 1449 01:21:14.040 --> 01:21:16.939 so I received the name Beetlejuice in 1450 01:21:16.939 --> 01:21:20.520 1836 by Sir John Herschel in astronomer 1451 01:21:20.520 --> 01:21:23.100 and a great scientist on the second 1452 01:21:23.100 --> 01:21:25.198 brightest star in the Orion 1453 01:21:25.198 --> 01:21:27.780 constellation after the star Rachel 1454 01:21:27.780 --> 01:21:30.238 we're seeing from any over its Nations 1455 01:21:30.238 --> 01:21:34.080 my diameters about 700 times out of your 1456 01:21:34.080 --> 01:21:37.080 son and I'm 640 light years from the 1457 01:21:37.080 --> 01:21:39.600 earth that's quite a run but my surface 1458 01:21:39.600 --> 01:21:42.120 temperature 6000 degrees in Fahrenheit 1459 01:21:42.120 --> 01:21:44.460 cooler than your sun surface ten 1460 01:21:44.460 --> 01:21:46.920 thousand degrees Yeah that's right I'm 1461 01:21:46.920 --> 01:21:49.738 so massive if you replace your son with 1462 01:21:49.738 --> 01:21:52.738 me I'd reach past the orbit of Jupiter 1463 01:21:52.738 --> 01:21:55.860 I'm gigantic you see I'm considered a 1464 01:21:55.860 --> 01:21:58.439 young star at just 10 million years old 1465 01:21:58.439 --> 01:22:01.140 too to explode into a supernova 1466 01:22:01.140 --> 01:22:04.198 scientists say so I am Beetlejuice I'm 1467 01:22:04.198 --> 01:22:07.320 nearing the end of my life one of the 1468 01:22:07.320 --> 01:22:09.960 top 10 brightest stars up in the night 1469 01:22:09.960 --> 01:22:13.620 sky I am a red super giant expected to 1470 01:22:13.620 --> 01:22:17.040 explode into a supernova in a hundred 1471 01:22:17.040 --> 01:22:20.219 thousand years or so a red super giant 1472 01:22:20.219 --> 01:22:23.340 is an aging Giant star that has consumed 1473 01:22:23.340 --> 01:22:25.320 its course supply of hydrogen fuel 1474 01:22:25.320 --> 01:22:27.659 that's what they are helium has 1475 01:22:27.659 --> 01:22:30.479 accumulated in my core so well and 1476 01:22:30.479 --> 01:22:33.360 hydrogen's undergoing nuclear fusion in 1477 01:22:33.360 --> 01:22:35.939 my outer shells when my outer shells 1478 01:22:35.939 --> 01:22:39.060 expand I take on a red color because I'm 1479 01:22:39.060 --> 01:22:41.880 cooler than I was I'm happy to discover 1480 01:22:41.880 --> 01:22:45.060 red super Giants are the largest note 1481 01:22:45.060 --> 01:22:47.880 stars in the universe and I'm expected 1482 01:22:47.880 --> 01:22:50.939 to Supernova on to the next verse during 1483 01:22:50.939 --> 01:22:53.580 Fusion heavier atoms are created until 1484 01:22:53.580 --> 01:22:56.400 my core is iron that's when I'll run out 1485 01:22:56.400 --> 01:22:59.400 of fuel without even trying when that 1486 01:22:59.400 --> 01:23:02.400 happens to a star as massive as me the 1487 01:23:02.400 --> 01:23:05.040 entire star collapses and explodes it's 1488 01:23:05.040 --> 01:23:08.520 a supernova you see when I do Supernova 1489 01:23:08.520 --> 01:23:10.860 I'll create quite a sight some predict 1490 01:23:10.860 --> 01:23:13.080 I'll even look like your full Moon's 1491 01:23:13.080 --> 01:23:16.380 brightest light the radiation I put off 1492 01:23:16.380 --> 01:23:18.840 from becoming a supernova wouldn't 1493 01:23:18.840 --> 01:23:21.960 affect Earth because I'm 640 light years 1494 01:23:21.960 --> 01:23:25.080 over I am Beetlejuice I'm nearing the 1495 01:23:25.080 --> 01:23:27.900 end of my life one of the top 10 1496 01:23:27.900 --> 01:23:31.140 brightest stars up in the night sky I am 1497 01:23:31.140 --> 01:23:34.140 a red super giant expected to explode 1498 01:23:34.140 --> 01:23:37.380 into a supernova in 100 1499 01:23:37.380 --> 01:23:40.280 000 years or so 1500 01:23:41.238 --> 01:23:45.780 this is a total solar eclipse come see 1501 01:23:45.780 --> 01:23:48.540 my narrow path in which I travel on the 1502 01:23:48.540 --> 01:23:52.080 Earth's surface this is a total solar 1503 01:23:52.080 --> 01:23:56.460 eclipse my totality is onspiring so 1504 01:23:56.460 --> 01:23:59.939 don't miss this this Celestial event is 1505 01:23:59.939 --> 01:24:02.698 called the solar eclipse let me tell you 1506 01:24:02.698 --> 01:24:05.460 about it so you can understand all this 1507 01:24:05.460 --> 01:24:08.520 a solar eclipse is caused by the moon 1508 01:24:08.520 --> 01:24:11.460 that is me I'm passing between the Sun 1509 01:24:11.460 --> 01:24:13.679 and the ear till black is what you see 1510 01:24:13.679 --> 01:24:16.979 here are several stages and some visual 1511 01:24:16.979 --> 01:24:20.040 tips that you can use to recognize a 1512 01:24:20.040 --> 01:24:23.880 total solar eclipse stage one is called 1513 01:24:23.880 --> 01:24:26.939 a partial eclipse is when the sun's disc 1514 01:24:26.939 --> 01:24:29.219 is partially blocked by the moon like 1515 01:24:29.219 --> 01:24:31.679 this the stage two is called Bailey's 1516 01:24:31.679 --> 01:24:33.420 Beast which are bright spots of light 1517 01:24:33.420 --> 01:24:35.460 it's when the lying valleys on the 1518 01:24:35.460 --> 01:24:37.140 moon's Edge are allow sung right through 1519 01:24:37.140 --> 01:24:39.420 that's right stage three is sometimes 1520 01:24:39.420 --> 01:24:41.760 called the diamond bring the stages key 1521 01:24:41.760 --> 01:24:43.738 in which marks the last few seconds 1522 01:24:43.738 --> 01:24:47.100 before totality the last bit of sunlight 1523 01:24:47.100 --> 01:24:49.198 that is able to shine Through The 1524 01:24:49.198 --> 01:24:51.900 low-lying Valleys creates a single flash 1525 01:24:51.900 --> 01:24:54.300 of light on the side of the moon the 1526 01:24:54.300 --> 01:24:56.400 fourth and most important stage is 1527 01:24:56.400 --> 01:24:59.340 called totality when the moon completely 1528 01:24:59.340 --> 01:25:01.800 covers the disc of the sun this is what 1529 01:25:01.800 --> 01:25:04.439 you see then comes the final stages in 1530 01:25:04.439 --> 01:25:06.780 which the sun will grow a crescent on 1531 01:25:06.780 --> 01:25:08.760 the opposite side of the Bailey's beads 1532 01:25:08.760 --> 01:25:11.880 which once had shown but before you see 1533 01:25:11.880 --> 01:25:14.939 the celestial event there's a few safety 1534 01:25:14.939 --> 01:25:17.698 precautions for eye injuries to prevent 1535 01:25:17.698 --> 01:25:21.780 this is a total solar eclipse come see 1536 01:25:21.780 --> 01:25:24.540 my narrow path in which I travel on the 1537 01:25:24.540 --> 01:25:28.080 Earth's surface this is a total solar 1538 01:25:28.080 --> 01:25:32.580 eclipse my totality is all inspiring so 1539 01:25:32.580 --> 01:25:36.500 don't miss this on Monday August 21st 1540 01:25:36.500 --> 01:25:40.198 2017 there's a total solar eclipse North 1541 01:25:40.198 --> 01:25:43.679 America will see but the totality you 1542 01:25:43.679 --> 01:25:45.960 want to see can only be observed from 1543 01:25:45.960 --> 01:25:48.238 Lincoln Beach Oregon to Charleston South 1544 01:25:48.238 --> 01:25:50.820 Carolina so I've heard the path of 1545 01:25:50.820 --> 01:25:54.179 totality is 70 miles why'd they say seen 1546 01:25:54.179 --> 01:25:57.900 in 14 states in the continental U.S of a 1547 01:25:57.900 --> 01:26:00.840 totality lasts a few minutes so be sure 1548 01:26:00.840 --> 01:26:02.698 to be there and please you special 1549 01:26:02.698 --> 01:26:05.340 safety glasses so your vision isn't 1550 01:26:05.340 --> 01:26:07.979 impaired you can buy these special solar 1551 01:26:07.979 --> 01:26:10.679 eclipse glasses online so protect your 1552 01:26:10.679 --> 01:26:13.380 eyes from the sun while having a great 1553 01:26:13.380 --> 01:26:17.219 time this is a total solar eclipse come 1554 01:26:17.219 --> 01:26:19.800 see me my narrow path in which I travel 1555 01:26:19.800 --> 01:26:23.460 on the Earth's surface this is a total 1556 01:26:23.460 --> 01:26:27.360 solar eclipse my totality is all 1557 01:26:27.360 --> 01:26:30.479 inspiring so don't miss this a solar 1558 01:26:30.479 --> 01:26:33.238 eclipse in several areas we need to 1559 01:26:33.238 --> 01:26:35.880 discuss take a look at this picture to 1560 01:26:35.880 --> 01:26:38.580 learn each part is a must here's a 1561 01:26:38.580 --> 01:26:41.520 penumbra a partially shaded outer region 1562 01:26:41.520 --> 01:26:44.460 surrounding the Umbra of fully shaded 1563 01:26:44.460 --> 01:26:46.979 inner part that's darkened a partial 1564 01:26:46.979 --> 01:26:49.500 eclipse is what you're seeing right here 1565 01:26:49.500 --> 01:26:52.080 when only part of the luminary of a 1566 01:26:52.080 --> 01:26:55.198 social bodies dark in there this is a 1567 01:26:55.198 --> 01:26:57.120 total eclipse it's red on your screen 1568 01:26:57.120 --> 01:26:59.580 it's when the whole of the disc of the 1569 01:26:59.580 --> 01:27:02.100 sun is covered that's what it means this 1570 01:27:02.100 --> 01:27:06.000 is a total solar eclipse come see my 1571 01:27:06.000 --> 01:27:08.580 narrow path in which I travel on the 1572 01:27:08.580 --> 01:27:12.060 Earth's surface this is a total solar 1573 01:27:12.060 --> 01:27:16.560 eclipse my totality is all inspiring so 1574 01:27:16.560 --> 01:27:19.339 don't miss this 1575 01:27:19.500 --> 01:27:23.400 I am the Sun the center of your solar 1576 01:27:23.400 --> 01:27:26.780 system I do erupt intense high energy 1577 01:27:26.780 --> 01:27:30.600 radiation this radiation I expel is 1578 01:27:30.600 --> 01:27:32.939 called the solar flare you'll learn 1579 01:27:32.939 --> 01:27:35.760 about them in the song and why you 1580 01:27:35.760 --> 01:27:38.820 should care the sun is a ball of plasma 1581 01:27:38.820 --> 01:27:41.040 like an extremely hot ocean shape like a 1582 01:27:41.040 --> 01:27:43.320 wheel this plasma is pushed around in 1583 01:27:43.320 --> 01:27:45.900 shape by the sun's magnetic field when 1584 01:27:45.900 --> 01:27:48.479 the sun's plasma swirls around by its 1585 01:27:48.479 --> 01:27:50.880 magnetic field it gets twisted and 1586 01:27:50.880 --> 01:27:53.580 releases energy around sunspots they are 1587 01:27:53.580 --> 01:27:56.400 real this energy released is caused by 1588 01:27:56.400 --> 01:27:58.738 magnetic knots when one of these knots 1589 01:27:58.738 --> 01:28:01.679 breaks it releases solar flare so you 1590 01:28:01.679 --> 01:28:04.380 are taught solar flares are waves of 1591 01:28:04.380 --> 01:28:07.380 high energy radiation shot through the 1592 01:28:07.380 --> 01:28:10.920 solar system in which we are a one these 1593 01:28:10.920 --> 01:28:13.679 solar flares race through space at the 1594 01:28:13.679 --> 01:28:16.679 speed of light creating a solar proton 1595 01:28:16.679 --> 01:28:19.198 storm these storms are no Delight 1 1596 01:28:19.198 --> 01:28:21.060 million millions of tons of plasma 1597 01:28:21.060 --> 01:28:23.340 thrown from the sun's atmosphere these 1598 01:28:23.340 --> 01:28:25.979 storms are called coronal mass ejections 1599 01:28:25.979 --> 01:28:29.040 as you see right here these CMEs reach 1600 01:28:29.040 --> 01:28:31.260 speeds of 5.6 million miles per hour 1601 01:28:31.260 --> 01:28:33.060 when they hit Earth it doesn't hurt 1602 01:28:33.060 --> 01:28:36.000 living beings even with such power the 1603 01:28:36.000 --> 01:28:38.159 Earth's atmosphere protects life from 1604 01:28:38.159 --> 01:28:40.380 the biggest solar storms by absorbing 1605 01:28:40.380 --> 01:28:43.080 the impact so beings on the surface are 1606 01:28:43.080 --> 01:28:46.260 safe from harm when a CME is too big it 1607 01:28:46.260 --> 01:28:48.780 creates a solar super storm that occur 1608 01:28:48.780 --> 01:28:51.420 once or twice a century so you've been 1609 01:28:51.420 --> 01:28:54.360 warned if a solar superstorm did happen 1610 01:28:54.360 --> 01:28:56.460 in this day and age it would shoot 1611 01:28:56.460 --> 01:28:59.219 billions of tons of plasma from the Sun 1612 01:28:59.219 --> 01:29:02.520 I do say if this type of CME traveled 1613 01:29:02.520 --> 01:29:04.500 across space towards the Earth it would 1614 01:29:04.500 --> 01:29:06.840 reach you in one day yeah that's fast 1615 01:29:06.840 --> 01:29:09.540 for what that is worth its shock wave 1616 01:29:09.540 --> 01:29:11.760 wood compressors magnetic field making 1617 01:29:11.760 --> 01:29:14.639 it frail the two magnetic fields would 1618 01:29:14.639 --> 01:29:16.679 merge stretching Earth's field into a 1619 01:29:16.679 --> 01:29:19.198 fantail this stretch tail can't contain 1620 01:29:19.198 --> 01:29:22.080 this energy anymore when it snaps it 1621 01:29:22.080 --> 01:29:24.360 releases explosive energy towards the 1622 01:29:24.360 --> 01:29:26.580 Earth that it's stored this creates 1623 01:29:26.580 --> 01:29:28.020 something very rare called the 1624 01:29:28.020 --> 01:29:30.960 geomagnetic storm normally no living 1625 01:29:30.960 --> 01:29:33.179 thing on Earth would even know it had 1626 01:29:33.179 --> 01:29:36.300 formed the only thing it would affect is 1627 01:29:36.300 --> 01:29:39.420 your electricity because you rely on 1628 01:29:39.420 --> 01:29:41.760 this so much it will disrupt human life 1629 01:29:41.760 --> 01:29:43.860 you see because Earth is covered in 1630 01:29:43.860 --> 01:29:45.659 millions of electric wires and 1631 01:29:45.659 --> 01:29:48.238 Transformers as geomagnetic storm would 1632 01:29:48.238 --> 01:29:49.979 shut down the power humans would be 1633 01:29:49.979 --> 01:29:52.198 overturned if one of these storms hit 1634 01:29:52.198 --> 01:29:54.300 the earth electricity and internet would 1635 01:29:54.300 --> 01:29:56.040 not work all things powered by 1636 01:29:56.040 --> 01:29:58.198 electricity would turn off along with 1637 01:29:58.198 --> 01:30:00.659 all networks computers wouldn't work 1638 01:30:00.659 --> 01:30:03.179 along with phones and electronic devices 1639 01:30:03.179 --> 01:30:06.479 no refrigerators or any other household 1640 01:30:06.479 --> 01:30:09.179 appliances even though we can't stop 1641 01:30:09.179 --> 01:30:12.060 these terrible solar storms their nasty 1642 01:30:12.060 --> 01:30:14.698 side effects can be prevented by how we 1643 01:30:14.698 --> 01:30:17.520 are warned Engineers would have a day or 1644 01:30:17.520 --> 01:30:20.400 two to unplug nature power grids until 1645 01:30:20.400 --> 01:30:22.620 the solar storm passes Earth preventing 1646 01:30:22.620 --> 01:30:25.439 blackouts we forbid humans need to 1647 01:30:25.439 --> 01:30:27.840 prepare for these types of storms to 1648 01:30:27.840 --> 01:30:29.820 prevent being thrown back to the Stone 1649 01:30:29.820 --> 01:30:33.420 Age before they form a cool event humans 1650 01:30:33.420 --> 01:30:36.479 experience from any solar storm is the 1651 01:30:36.479 --> 01:30:39.420 Aurora Borealis at the Two Poles is 1652 01:30:39.420 --> 01:30:42.120 where they perform I'm the life-giving 1653 01:30:42.120 --> 01:30:45.479 son you all need me to live but I am 1654 01:30:45.479 --> 01:30:48.960 unpredictable so solar storms I give I 1655 01:30:48.960 --> 01:30:52.020 am the Sun the center of your solar 1656 01:30:52.020 --> 01:30:55.400 system I do erupt intense high energy 1657 01:30:55.400 --> 01:30:59.280 radiation this radiation I expel is 1658 01:30:59.280 --> 01:31:01.679 called the solar flare you'll learn 1659 01:31:01.679 --> 01:31:04.500 about them in the song and why you 1660 01:31:04.500 --> 01:31:06.719 should care 1661 01:31:06.719 --> 01:31:08.090 foreign 1662 01:31:08.090 --> 01:31:15.079 [Music]