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hi guys i'm Arnel  from A rnel's Everyday
English

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and today we're looking at could have
may have might have must have

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should have and would have. I know all of
this looks a bit

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overwhelming, but today we're going to do
it in

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bite-sized pieces.  First
we're going to look at could have, may

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have and might have
together. We're going to see the

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connection with
must have then we have should have

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and finally would have. What we also need
to do

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is look at something very important:
Pronunciation! Native speakers get really

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lazy when they use these.
So at the end of the lesson, I'm going to

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take a couple of minutes
to show you how to be really lazy too.

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First things first: Could, may,
might, must, should and would, are what we

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call
modal verbs. Modal verbs have so many

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different uses
and it's really important to remember

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that throughout today's lesson,
because, today we are specifically

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looking at
past modals. These modals

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plus have plus the past participle.
What's the past participle? Let's do a

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little review.
Walk, walked, walked, that verb number

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three is the past participle.
Swim, swam, swum. Swum is my past

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participle.
So in today's lesson if I say past

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participle or verb
three, you know i mean this form there.

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Could have, may have, might have.
Past possibility. I am guessing.

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I don't have all the information.
We see my timeline there's a past and

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the present.
Where's Julie? She

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could have gone home, I mean at six
o'clock.

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She might have gone home. She
may have gone home. This is a past

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possibility.
I am guessing, I don't have all the

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information.
Maybe Julie went to the bathroom. Maybe

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she went out to grab some dinner and
she'll be back,

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I'm not sure. You can see here
even though my subject is she, I still

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use
have. She could have gone home, we would

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never say:
she could has gone home.

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Where's my shopping bag? I could have
left it

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in the cafe. I might have left it in the
cafe.

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I may have left it in the cafe. This is a
past possibility.

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I am guessing, I don't have all the
information.

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Maybe i left my bag on the bus. Maybe my
husband took it home with him.

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I'm not really sure. So
what's the difference between could, may

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and might? When we are speaking about
past possibility you can use these

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interchangeably.
Some people say may is a bit more formal.

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Some people say may is more...
the possibility is a bit higher. But

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really don't worry about that difference,
use these three freely.

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Great. So you know she could,
might, may have gone home. You know this

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is a past possibility,
and you can use these in the same way.

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If we want to speak about something
where we

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had the option but we chose not to do
something,

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you can use could.

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I could have gone to a hair salon,
but i decided to cut my hair myself,

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to save some money!

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We could have stayed longer but i was
getting a bit chilly, so we decided to go

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home.
There was a past option but we decided

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to do something different.
Use could have or might have

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to say something didn't happen. Normally
we use this structure

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to show relief, we are relieved something
didn't happen.

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I am so glad my son was wearing his
helmet,

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he could have been really hurt. He might
have been really hurt.

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In this case we would not use may have.

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Okay, let's take a look at this line here.
Now let's have this question: Hey! Do you

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know
Hannah locked up last night? When i say

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locked up it means
lock up all the windows and doors before

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closing a business for the night.
So in my example, this is one colleague

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speaking to another.
I have actually happened 100% fact.

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Yes, Hannah locked up last night. I was
with her,

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and i saw her do it. I have
didn't happen 100% fact. No,

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Hannah didn't lock up. We both left the
office at four,

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and there were other people still
working. Here in the middle

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I have: maybe happened.
Hannah may, might, could have locked up

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last night.
I'm not sure, I left the office at four

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but there were still a few people
working - including Hannah.

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Hannah must have locked up last night.
I left the office at four and she was

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the last person there.
Okay, now i have must have plus past

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participle.
You can see on my line, must have is very

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close to 100%
fact. This is because I am almost certain

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this happened.
Hannah was the last person in the office

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but i didn't see her do anything.
My kids must have eaten the last slice

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of cake.
My husband doesn't really like cake, so

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I'm pretty sure it was the kids.
Carrie isn't here, she must have missed

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her flight.
I can't think of any other reason she

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isn't here.

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Philip didn't answer my call, he must
have been sleeping.

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It was 11 pm so there is a very high
probability

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he was sleeping. In the negative some
things are different.

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May have, may not have.
Might have, might not have - okay!

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Must have, mustn't have - okay!
Could have, okay couldn't have,

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impossible! You can see the position
changes from:

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maybe.

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Yes, can't have is another option.
Remember, can't have plus past participle

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is okay,
but we do not say can have plus past

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participle.
Hannah could have locked up, maybe.

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Hannah couldn't have locked up, she left
work at three.

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I really don't think this is possible.

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Okay! You have done an amazing job with
could,

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may, might, and must have. One thing you
can do to make this easier to remember

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is to write example sentences, personal
example sentences, this will make things

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easier to remember.
Should have plus past participle.

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Expectation. Regret.
This is better. Pete

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should have landed by now. He should have
landed

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30 minutes ago. He should have called me.
These are things I was expecting to

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happen, now i'm waiting.
I'm not really sure if he's landed or

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not.

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Regret. I should have studied English
sooner!

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A lot of students say this.
I shouldn't have spoken to my mom like

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that,
I was angry. This is better.

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I feel gross. Well, you shouldn't have
eaten eight donuts.

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What's better? Not eating eight donuts
is better than what you did! You're an

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hour late,
you should have called me. Calling me

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is better than what you did - what you
didn't do, you didn't call me!

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They shouldn't have increased their
prices, I think they lost a lot of

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customers.
Here, what's better? Not increasing prices.

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In this structure here, this is better,
it's kind of like you're giving past

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advice.
Or possibly even criticism. You should

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have done something,

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differently.
Would have plus past participle. Hypothetical

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past.
Hypothetical means not real,

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imaginary...

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Okay, the unicorn is a bit much but you
know what I mean.

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Not realistic. I would have gone to the
gym this morning,

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but my back was hurting a little bit. Why
is this hypothetical?

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Because in reality, I didn't go to the
gym.

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I decided not to give my teacher the
card i made.

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Why not? She would have loved it! This is
hypothetical,

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because in reality the child didn't give
the card to his or her teacher.

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If he had given his teacher the card she
would have loved it.

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Some of you know this as a third
conditional. Don't worry, today is not a lesson about
third conditional,

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and you don't need to know the third
conditional to use:

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would have plus past participle
correctly.

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Let's do a few more examples together. I
ordered a shirt online

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but it had a hole in it, so i threw it
away.

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You threw it away? I would have returned
it.

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I am not you,. this situation didn't
really happen to me

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It's so good you didn't tell Brian you
used his car,

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he would have gone crazy. You didn't tell
Brian,

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in reality, nothing happened.
Fantastic, let's keep going, we're on the

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home stretch now.
Could have, may have, might have,

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must have, should have, would have.
Okay, so we have these forms here

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throughout the lesson I've been using
the full form: could have

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plus past participle, may have plus past
participle.

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But in spoken English, we normally
contract everything.

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Could've, may've,
might've, must've, should've,

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would've. I'll do that a bit faster:
Could've, may've, might've, must've,

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should've, would've. If you think that
sound is a little bit difficult, try to

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think about it like:
of. Could of, may of,

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might of, must of, should of,
would of. Just so you know,

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of is not correct, it's just the sound, we
would never write

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could of.

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You know what, we are busy people, we
don't even have time to say

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of sometimes. Let's get a bit lazier! Coulda, maya, mighta, musta, shoulda, woulda.

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Let's do that again a little bit faster: Coulda, maya, mighta, musta, shoulda, woulda.

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Just add that a the end and you know
it's the really lazy contracted form of

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could have. She coulda gone home,
she maya gone home, she mighta

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gone home,
she musta, gone home she shoulda

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gone home,
she woulda gone home.

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In the negative: Couldn't've,
mightn't've,

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shouldn't've, wouldn't've.
You can see i skipped may, we

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would never say
mayn't've that's very unnatural, so you

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don't need to worry about that one.
There you go, we've looked at all of

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these modal verbs
in the past with that have and verb

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number three.
So whenever you're watching a movie or

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you're reading a book
really listen out, or look out for, these

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forms.
The more you see it the more comfortable

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you'll feel.
Don't forget to subscribe to my channel,

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I can't wait to see you in my next video.
Leave me a couple of examples in the

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comments below, personal
examples, easier to remember. Have a

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wonderful day and i'll see you soon.

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Bye!