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Hello. This is 6 Minute English from

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BBC Learning English.

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I’m Sam.

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And I’m Neil.

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In recent years new diets with

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names like ‘vegan’, ‘keto’ and ‘paleo’

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have become very popular.

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Are you a vegetarian, Neil?

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Do you follow any particular diet?

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Well, I eat lots of fresh fruit and

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vegetables and only a little meat

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from time to time.

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Well, while many diets claim to

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improve health or help you lose

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weight, recent research shows

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that what counts is not what you

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eat but how your body reacts.

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Yes, and that reaction doesn’t

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happen where you might think –

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not in the brain, or tongue, or even

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the stomach, but in the gut – another

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name for the intestines - the long

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tube inside your body which digests food.

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Inside everyone’s gut are millions

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of microbes – tiny living organisms,

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too small to see without a microscope.

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Some of them are good for us, some bad.

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Microbes help digest food, but they

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influence our bodies more than we know.

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Think of them as chemical

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factories that cause our individual

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reaction to the food we eat.

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This mix of gut microbes is unique

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and different for everyone, even identical twins.

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And it’s the reason why

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some doctors now recommend a

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personalised diet, one that

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perfectly fits your own unique

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combination of microbes.

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We’ll hear more soon, but first I

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have a question for you, Neil, and

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it’s about the gut - the tube which

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includes the large and small intestine.

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It’s very long - but how long exactly

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is the average adult’s gut?

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Is it: a) 3.5 metres?

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b) 5.5 metres? or, c) 7.5 metres?

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Well, everybody is different of

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course, but I’ll say on average

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the gut is b) 5.5 metres long.

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OK, Neil, I’ll reveal the answer later

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in the programme.

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Among the first to investigate gut

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microbes was Dr Tim Spector, author

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of bestselling book, The Diet Myth.

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He wanted to check whether the

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dietary advice he had heard and

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believed, advice like ‘eat little and

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often’ or ‘avoid fat’, was really true.

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Listen as Dr Spector explains how

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he started to doubt some of this

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advice - ‘food myths’, he calls them - to

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BBC Radio 4 programme, The Life Scientific:

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All these so-called myths that I’d

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believed, whether it was about

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calories, about fats, when to eat, how

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to eat, were based on flimsy or no

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evidence, very old, very poor quality,

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and had been repeated so much

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that people didn’t think to question them.

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One of the food myths Dr Spector

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questioned was counting calories –

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the units which measure the amount

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of energy food provides.

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He discovered that much of the

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dietary advice he had heard was

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either incorrect or based on flimsy evidence.

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If evidence is flimsy, it’s

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weak and unconvincing.

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As Dr Spector questioned these

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food myths, he remembered an

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earlier study involving identical

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twins, pairs of brothers or sisters

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with the same genes.

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It was the surprising differences

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in weight between one twin and

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another that made Dr Spector

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realise that no two people have

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the same gut – even identical

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twins’ guts are different.

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But, as he told BBC Radio 4’s,

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The Life Scientific, the discovery

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came in a very smelly way – by

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asking his volunteers to send

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samples of their poo in the post!

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We collected lots of these samples,

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sequenced them, and looked at

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twins where one was overweight

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and one was skinny… and we

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found in every case, the skinnier

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twin had a more diverse microbiome,

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greater numbers of different

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species and they also nearly

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always had high numbers of a

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couple of microbes that just stuck

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out of the crowd – and one was

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called christensenella and the

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other was called akkermansia.

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Although genetically identical, one

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twin was overweight, while the

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other twin was skinny, or very thin.

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Because the weight difference

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could not be explained genetically,

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Dr Spector suspected the microbes

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in the skinnier twin’s gut held the

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answer: the more diverse someone’s

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microbes, the better their gut was

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at digesting food, regulating fat and

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maintaining health.

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Two microbes, christensenella and

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akkermansia, were especially effective.

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Dr Spector says these microbes stuck

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out of the crowd, meaning they were

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easy to notice for their positive effect.

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And since everyone’s microbes are

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different, it follows that a personalised

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diet which selects the friendliest food

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for your gut, is best.

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Right, and all this

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talk of eating is making me hungry, so

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tell me, Sam, was my answer to your

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question, right?

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Ah yes, I asked about the length of the

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gut in the average adult.

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I said it was 5.5 metres.

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Which was… the correct answer!

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Well done, Neil – that took ‘guts’, which

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is the second meaning of the

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word: courage.

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OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve

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learned starting with gut – an informal

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word for the intestines, the tube which

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digests food from the stomach.

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Microbes are microscopic organisms

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living inside the body.

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A calorie is a unit measuring how

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much energy food provides.

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If an argument or evidence is flimsy,

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it’s weak and hard to believe.

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A skinny person is very thin.

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And finally, if something sticks out

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of the crowd, it’s noticeable in

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a good way.

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Unfortunately, our six minutes are up,

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but remember: look after your gut, and

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your gut will look after you!

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Hello.This is 6 Minute English from

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BBC Learning English. I’m Rob.

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And I’m Georgina.

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What do Vincent Van Gogh and

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Galileo Galilei have in common, Georgina?

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Hmm… their first name and last

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names both start with the same letter?

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Well, that’s true… but another

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similarity is their amazing

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contributions – to art and

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science - were only recognised after their death.

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I know another person whose

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huge contribution to science

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went unrecognised during her

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lifetime, Rob, but unlike Van Gogh

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or Galileo, you probably haven’t heard of her.

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She’s the subject

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of this programme.

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Henrietta Lacks was a young,

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black, American mother who

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died of cancer in Baltimore in 1951.

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Although she never consented to

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her tissues being used for medical

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research, doctors at the time found

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her cells to have an extraordinary

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ability to replace themselves endlessly.

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Named ‘HeLa cells’ after her initials,

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Henrietta Lacks’ tissue helped

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make possible all sorts of medical

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breakthroughs, from the polio vaccine

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to cancer drugs, to HIV and IVF treatments.

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Born one hundred years ago, in

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1920, the great-great-granddaughter

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of slaves, Henrietta and her cells

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continue to provide medical discoveries

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to this day…

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…most recently, of course, in the

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race for a coronavirus vaccine.

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But before we go on, Georgina, it’s

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time for my quiz question.

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I mentioned that Henrietta Lacks was born one

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hundred years ago, but do you know

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what other medical breakthrough

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happened in 1921?

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Was it: a) the discovery of insulin?,

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b) the discovery of penicillin?, or,

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c) the discovery of vitamin E?

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I’ll say, a) the discovery of insulin.

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OK, Georgina, we’ll find out if that’s

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right later on.

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Now, it was Henrietta’s

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biography by science writer,

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Rebecca Skloot, that brought her

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remarkable story to the world’s

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attention a decade ago.

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Here is Rebecca Skloot, explaining

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Henrietta’s importance to

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BBC World Service programme, The Forum:

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So much of science is based on

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growing cells in culture which

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started with her cells.

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In vitro fertilization – that started with

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the ability to grow embryos in

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culture which you can do in part

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thanks to her cells so the list just

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goes on and on, and right now

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people are often asking how are

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HeLa cells helping with Covid. […]

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Scientists worked that out very

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quickly using her cells… they

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figured out what the receptor

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looks like and they did the same

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thing with HIV…

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so her cells are just

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this incredible workhorse that is

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at the base of so much science.

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Doctors used Henrietta’s cells to

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figure out – or understand, how

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cells reproduce and divide –

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knowledge that was vital in

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developing in vitro fertilization,

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or IVF, a technique for women

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who cannot become pregnant

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naturally, in which an egg is

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fertilized outside the body.

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Our bodies are made of millions

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and millions of cells and to

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understand how they work we

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need to grow them in a lab.

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No-one had succeeded in

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doing this until Henrietta’s

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extraordinary cells which just

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grew and grew.

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This resulted not only in new

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fertility treatments, but later

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in AIDS and cancer breakthroughs,

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which is why Rebecca refers to

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HeLa cells as a workhorse, meaning

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someone who does a lot of work.

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But perhaps Henrietta’s greatest

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legacy of all was the vaccine for polio.

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Here’s professor of genetics,

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Sir John Burn, talking to

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BBC World Service’s, The Forum:

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Henrietta would have particularly

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liked the announcement this year

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that polio vaccine had led to the

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eradication of polio in Africa – so

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the centenary of her birth it seems

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rather symbolic that her unwitting

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contribution to medicine eventually

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eradicated that scourge of mankind.

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John Burn calls polio a scourge,

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meaning something causing much

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pain and suffering.

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Henrietta’s role in eradicating this

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terrible disease is all the more

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remarkable as she was never

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asked permission to use her cells

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for research, and it’s taken decades

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for the Lacks family to win their

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grandmother the recognition she deserves.

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That’s why John Burn calls

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Henrietta’s contribution unwitting – it

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was made without her knowledge or consent.

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And with the eyes of the world now

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focused on vaccines for the coronavirus,

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this year is a symbolic time to celebrate

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her centenary - the one hundredth

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00:10:40.400 --> 00:10:42.640
anniversary of an important event.

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Henrietta Lacks - a remarkable

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00:10:44.559 --> 00:10:46.399
woman whose name is finally making

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its way into the history books.

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But something else remarkable happened

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00:10:50.559 --> 00:10:52.639
one hundred years ago, didn’t it, Rob?

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00:10:52.640 --> 00:10:55.040
Ah yes, you mean my quiz question.

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I asked you which important medical

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00:10:56.880 --> 00:10:58.880
breakthrough occurred one hundred

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00:10:58.880 --> 00:11:00.720
years ago, in 1921.

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00:11:00.720 --> 00:11:03.520
I said, a) the discovery of insulin.

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Which was… the correct answer!

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00:11:06.080 --> 00:11:07.760
Discovered by Canadian doctor

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00:11:07.760 --> 00:11:10.080
Frederick Banting, insulin saved

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00:11:10.080 --> 00:11:12.400
the lives of millions of diabetics.

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And on that healthy note, let’s

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recap the vocabulary from this

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programme, starting with in

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00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:21.600
vitro fertilization, or IVF – a

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medical technique for women

306
00:11:23.040 --> 00:11:25.280
who cannot become pregnant naturally.

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Henrietta’s HeLa cells helped

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00:11:27.040 --> 00:11:29.920
doctors figure out - or understand -

309
00:11:29.920 --> 00:11:32.320
a lot about how cells grow and led

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00:11:32.320 --> 00:11:34.240
to so many medical discoveries

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we might call them a workhorse –

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00:11:36.400 --> 00:11:38.800
something which works extremely hard.

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A scourge means something that

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00:11:40.480 --> 00:11:42.720
causes much pain and suffering,

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00:11:42.720 --> 00:11:44.559
like the terrible diseases which

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00:11:44.559 --> 00:11:47.119
Henrietta’s unwitting, or unknowing,

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00:11:47.120 --> 00:11:49.360
contribution helped eradicate.

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Making 2021 a year of hope and

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00:11:51.920 --> 00:11:53.520
the perfect time to celebrate the

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00:11:53.520 --> 00:11:55.840
centenary of her birth – it’s one

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00:11:55.840 --> 00:11:57.200
hundredth anniversary!

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00:11:57.200 --> 00:11:58.800
We hope this upbeat programme

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00:11:58.800 --> 00:12:01.200
has been just what the doctor ordered.

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Remember to join us again

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00:12:02.480 --> 00:12:04.640
soon at 6 Minute English.

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Bye for now!

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00:12:05.360 --> 00:12:05.920
Goodbye!

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Welcome to 6 Minute English, where

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00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:16.160
today we introduce a hair-raising

330
00:12:16.160 --> 00:12:18.988
topic and six items of vocabulary. 

331
00:12:18.988 --> 00:12:22.160
I’m Tim… So what’s hair-raising about

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00:12:22.160 --> 00:12:24.000
today’s topic, Neil?

333
00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:25.440
Hair-raising means

334
00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:27.920
scary but also exciting!

335
00:12:27.920 --> 00:12:30.000
We’re talking about hair – which may

336
00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:32.160
be exciting for some, but definitely

337
00:12:32.160 --> 00:12:33.360
won’t be scary.

338
00:12:33.360 --> 00:12:36.320
Hair-raising is a real thing, though, isn’t it?

339
00:12:36.320 --> 00:12:38.320
Our hairs do rise!

340
00:12:38.320 --> 00:12:39.520
Yes – Tim, they do.

341
00:12:39.520 --> 00:12:41.840
We get goosebumps when we’re cold,

342
00:12:41.840 --> 00:12:43.520
scared, or excited.

343
00:12:43.520 --> 00:12:45.040
But other mammals do it better

344
00:12:45.040 --> 00:12:47.520
than us – Cats fluff up when they

345
00:12:47.520 --> 00:12:49.280
see other cats they don’t like.

346
00:12:49.280 --> 00:12:51.440
That’s true – We can’t fluff up

347
00:12:51.440 --> 00:12:52.559
because we don’t have enough

348
00:12:52.559 --> 00:12:53.599
body hair.

349
00:12:53.600 --> 00:12:55.679
I suppose we used to be as hairy

350
00:12:55.679 --> 00:12:57.599
as gorillas – if you go back a

351
00:12:57.600 --> 00:12:59.120
million years or so.

352
00:12:59.120 --> 00:13:00.480
Do you know why we lost so

353
00:13:00.480 --> 00:13:01.840
much hair, Tim?

354
00:13:01.840 --> 00:13:04.320
Isn’t it because it allowed us to

355
00:13:04.320 --> 00:13:06.160
sweat more easily?

356
00:13:06.160 --> 00:13:08.880
This meant we didn’t get so hot and tired – we

357
00:13:08.880 --> 00:13:11.200
could run faster and for longer – and

358
00:13:11.200 --> 00:13:13.436
catch more animals to eat!

359
00:13:13.436 --> 00:13:15.520
That sounds like a good theory.

360
00:13:15.520 --> 00:13:17.360
But do you have a theory on how

361
00:13:17.360 --> 00:13:19.280
many hair follicles the human

362
00:13:19.280 --> 00:13:20.880
body has today?

363
00:13:20.880 --> 00:13:22.480
What’s a hair follicle?

364
00:13:22.480 --> 00:13:24.720
A hair follicle is the organ that

365
00:13:24.720 --> 00:13:27.600
produces a hair underneath the skin.

366
00:13:27.600 --> 00:13:29.280
Now answer the question,Tim.

367
00:13:29.280 --> 00:13:30.800
How many hair follicles does

368
00:13:30.800 --> 00:13:32.640
the human body have today?

369
00:13:32.640 --> 00:13:34.937
Is it … a) 500,000,

370
00:13:34.937 --> 00:13:38.570
b) 5 million, or, c) 50 million?

371
00:13:38.570 --> 00:13:42.559
50 million sounds about right.

372
00:13:42.559 --> 00:13:44.399
Did you know that men have

373
00:13:44.400 --> 00:13:46.080
more than women, Tim?

374
00:13:46.080 --> 00:13:49.440
No, I didn’t – but it makes sense

375
00:13:49.440 --> 00:13:51.600
since men are usually hairier

376
00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:52.240
than women.

377
00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:53.840
On their faces – but not

378
00:13:53.840 --> 00:13:55.840
necessarily on their heads!

379
00:13:55.840 --> 00:13:57.600
Are you referring to the fact

380
00:13:57.600 --> 00:13:59.520
that men of a certain age

381
00:13:59.520 --> 00:14:02.400
can be follically challenged?

382
00:14:02.400 --> 00:14:04.160
If you’re follically challenged

383
00:14:04.160 --> 00:14:06.160
it means you’re losing your hair!

384
00:14:06.160 --> 00:14:07.600
Having little or no hair is

385
00:14:07.600 --> 00:14:08.400
called baldness.

386
00:14:08.400 --> 00:14:10.320
And if you’ve reached a certain age it means

387
00:14:10.320 --> 00:14:12.160
you aren’t young any more!

388
00:14:12.160 --> 00:14:15.280
Why is our hair so important to us, Neil?

389
00:14:15.280 --> 00:14:15.920
When we aren’t

390
00:14:15.920 --> 00:14:18.000
worrying about going bald, we’re

391
00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:20.320
busy shaving, waxing, plucking,

392
00:14:20.320 --> 00:14:21.840
and trimming the stuff.

393
00:14:21.840 --> 00:14:24.160
When I say ‘we’ of course I’m referring

394
00:14:24.160 --> 00:14:26.240
to people in general.

395
00:14:26.240 --> 00:14:27.520
Not myself…

396
00:14:27.520 --> 00:14:29.600
Well, a good head of hair indicates

397
00:14:29.600 --> 00:14:31.040
health and youth.

398
00:14:31.040 --> 00:14:33.600
And hair on your face – facial hair – shows

399
00:14:33.600 --> 00:14:36.800
when boys have reached manhood.

400
00:14:36.800 --> 00:14:39.360
On the other hand, going grey or

401
00:14:39.360 --> 00:14:40.800
losing your hair shows you’re

402
00:14:40.800 --> 00:14:41.840
getting older.

403
00:14:41.840 --> 00:14:44.720
Hair today, gone tomorrow?

404
00:14:44.720 --> 00:14:45.840
Bad joke, Neil!

405
00:14:45.840 --> 00:14:48.480
Sorry! It’s true that hair on your

406
00:14:48.480 --> 00:14:50.960
head shows signs of aging – but

407
00:14:50.960 --> 00:14:53.840
this isn’t true of all human hair.

408
00:14:53.840 --> 00:14:55.840
Let’s listen to Ralf Paus, a leading

409
00:14:55.840 --> 00:14:58.682
hair loss researcher, talking about this.

410
00:14:59.840 --> 00:15:02.080
The eyebrows get stronger usually

411
00:15:02.080 --> 00:15:06.160
in aging men, the hairs in your nose

412
00:15:06.160 --> 00:15:08.480
and in your ears get stronger – and

413
00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:10.480
what a miracle of nature that an

414
00:15:10.480 --> 00:15:13.040
organ – when the entire body is

415
00:15:13.040 --> 00:15:15.440
aging actually grows stronger.

416
00:15:15.440 --> 00:15:17.280
So we may even be able to learn

417
00:15:17.280 --> 00:15:19.969
from hair follicles how not to age.

418
00:15:21.710 --> 00:15:25.360
Hmm. I’m not sure I would swap a

419
00:15:25.360 --> 00:15:27.440
good head of hair for thick

420
00:15:27.440 --> 00:15:29.360
eyebrows and nose hair.

421
00:15:29.360 --> 00:15:30.480
How about you, Neil?

422
00:15:30.480 --> 00:15:32.160
I agree! But let’s hear more

423
00:15:32.160 --> 00:15:34.080
from Ralf Paus about why some

424
00:15:34.080 --> 00:15:36.929
hair gets stronger as you get older.

425
00:15:38.880 --> 00:15:40.320
The hair follicle apparently knows

426
00:15:40.320 --> 00:15:41.840
some tricks that the other organs

427
00:15:41.840 --> 00:15:42.400
don’t know.

428
00:15:42.400 --> 00:15:43.520
So it’s continuously

429
00:15:43.520 --> 00:15:44.560
regenerating itself.

430
00:15:44.560 --> 00:15:44.960
It goes through

431
00:15:44.960 --> 00:15:46.400
a so-called hair cycle and part

432
00:15:46.400 --> 00:15:48.160
of that we know pretty well – and

433
00:15:48.160 --> 00:15:49.440
that is, these stem cells that it

434
00:15:49.440 --> 00:15:51.146
uses to regenerate cells.

435
00:15:52.640 --> 00:15:55.440
So a hair follicle can regenerate

436
00:15:55.440 --> 00:15:57.760
cells – or grow new cells to

437
00:15:57.760 --> 00:16:00.640
replace old or damaged ones.

438
00:16:00.640 --> 00:16:03.120
But if that’s only true for eyebrows,

439
00:16:03.120 --> 00:16:06.480
nose and ear hair, I am not that impressed!

440
00:16:06.480 --> 00:16:07.520
I want hairs on my

441
00:16:07.520 --> 00:16:09.200
head to be able to regenerate!

442
00:16:09.200 --> 00:16:10.960
The important thing here is that

443
00:16:10.960 --> 00:16:13.120
these cells in the hair follicle may

444
00:16:13.120 --> 00:16:15.520
help scientists discover a way to stop

445
00:16:15.520 --> 00:16:18.195
other organs of the body aging…

446
00:16:18.195 --> 00:16:20.720
OK, I’m now going to reveal how

447
00:16:20.720 --> 00:16:22.720
many hair follicles on average we

448
00:16:22.720 --> 00:16:24.080
have on our bodies.

449
00:16:24.080 --> 00:16:26.960
The answer is… 5 million.

450
00:16:26.960 --> 00:16:29.680
Oh. So not 50 million then.

451
00:16:29.680 --> 00:16:30.560
Don’t worry, Tim!

452
00:16:30.560 --> 00:16:32.240
It was a tricky question!

453
00:16:32.240 --> 00:16:33.280
Now let’s go over the

454
00:16:33.280 --> 00:16:35.040
words we learned today.

455
00:16:35.040 --> 00:16:37.840
‘Hair-raising’ means scary often

456
00:16:37.840 --> 00:16:39.440
in an exciting way.

457
00:16:39.440 --> 00:16:42.480
For example, “That ride on the rollercoaster

458
00:16:42.480 --> 00:16:44.560
was a hair-raising experience!”

459
00:16:44.560 --> 00:16:46.560
Next is ‘hair follicle’ – the organ

460
00:16:46.560 --> 00:16:47.760
that produces a hair

461
00:16:47.760 --> 00:16:49.280
underneath the skin.

462
00:16:49.280 --> 00:16:50.400
“Scientists believe that

463
00:16:50.400 --> 00:16:52.480
stress can affect hair follicles.”

464
00:16:52.480 --> 00:16:53.920
A number of things can affect

465
00:16:53.920 --> 00:16:57.840
hair follicles actually – age, disease, diet…

466
00:16:57.840 --> 00:17:00.000
OK – but we haven’t got all day, Neil.

467
00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:02.480
So let’s move on to the next item.

468
00:17:02.480 --> 00:17:03.600
‘Baldness’ – which

469
00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:05.680
means having little or no hair

470
00:17:05.680 --> 00:17:06.400
on your head.

471
00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:08.320
“My grandfather is bald and

472
00:17:08.320 --> 00:17:09.760
he always wears a hat to

473
00:17:09.760 --> 00:17:11.200
cover his baldness.”

474
00:17:11.200 --> 00:17:12.560
Nice example.

475
00:17:12.560 --> 00:17:13.440
Is your grandpa

476
00:17:13.440 --> 00:17:14.720
actually bald, Neil?

477
00:17:14.720 --> 00:17:16.800
No – he has a fine head of hair.

478
00:17:16.800 --> 00:17:18.640
Now, if you are a certain age, it

479
00:17:18.640 --> 00:17:20.320
means you are no longer young.

480
00:17:20.320 --> 00:17:22.720
For example… “All the people at the party

481
00:17:22.720 --> 00:17:24.480
were of a certain age…”

482
00:17:24.480 --> 00:17:25.760
How many of them had facial

483
00:17:25.760 --> 00:17:27.840
hair, Tim? That’s our next word,

484
00:17:27.840 --> 00:17:30.480
and ‘facial’ means to do with the face.

485
00:17:30.480 --> 00:17:32.000
“None of the people at the party

486
00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:33.280
had facial hair.”

487
00:17:33.280 --> 00:17:34.556
There’s your answer!

488
00:17:35.108 --> 00:17:37.119
That’s unusual, Tim.

489
00:17:37.119 --> 00:17:37.519
Lots of

490
00:17:37.520 --> 00:17:39.520
men have beards these days.

491
00:17:39.520 --> 00:17:41.359
OK – our final word for today

492
00:17:41.359 --> 00:17:43.919
is ‘regenerate’ which means to grow again.

493
00:17:43.920 --> 00:17:44.720
You can talk about

494
00:17:44.720 --> 00:17:46.480
regenerating a range of things,

495
00:17:46.480 --> 00:17:47.840
for example…

496
00:17:47.840 --> 00:17:49.359
“The council has plans to

497
00:17:49.359 --> 00:17:51.828
regenerate this part of the city.”

498
00:17:52.180 --> 00:17:54.160
“Regeneration of parts of the

499
00:17:54.160 --> 00:17:56.240
city is in progress." -

500
00:17:56.240 --> 00:17:58.776
‘regeneration’ is the noun.

501
00:17:59.200 --> 00:18:00.880
Well, it’s time to go now.

502
00:18:00.880 --> 00:18:02.480
But if today’s show gave

503
00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:03.840
you goosebumps, please

504
00:18:03.840 --> 00:18:05.280
let us know by visiting our

505
00:18:05.280 --> 00:18:07.200
Twitter, Facebook and YouTube

506
00:18:07.200 --> 00:18:08.880
pages and telling us about it!

507
00:18:08.880 --> 00:18:09.359
Bye-bye!

508
00:18:09.359 --> 00:18:09.919
Goodbye!

509
00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:18.080
Hello welcome to 6 Minute English.

510
00:18:18.080 --> 00:18:18.720
I'm Neil.

511
00:18:18.720 --> 00:18:20.000
And I'm Dan.

512
00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:21.600
In this programme, we going to

513
00:18:21.600 --> 00:18:23.440
hear from someone who smells

514
00:18:23.440 --> 00:18:25.520
smells for a living.

515
00:18:25.520 --> 00:18:26.160
Although these

516
00:18:26.160 --> 00:18:28.720
are very expensive smells - smells

517
00:18:28.720 --> 00:18:30.560
that we wear deliberately to make

518
00:18:30.560 --> 00:18:32.000
us smell good.

519
00:18:32.000 --> 00:18:34.080
Ah, you mean scents and perfumes?

520
00:18:34.080 --> 00:18:36.960
Yes and perfumes are big business.

521
00:18:36.960 --> 00:18:38.240
And that is the topic of

522
00:18:38.240 --> 00:18:39.920
our quiz in this programme.

523
00:18:39.920 --> 00:18:41.359
How much is the perfume

524
00:18:41.359 --> 00:18:43.839
industry in the UK worth each year? Is it:

525
00:18:43.840 --> 00:18:47.040
a) £650 million

526
00:18:47.040 --> 00:18:49.760
b) £970 million, or,

527
00:18:49.760 --> 00:18:53.280
c) £1.3 billion?

528
00:18:53.280 --> 00:18:56.240
Well, I don't nose this – smell,

529
00:18:56.240 --> 00:18:58.480
nose - this is just a guess, but

530
00:18:58.480 --> 00:19:01.759
I’ll say £970 million.

531
00:19:01.760 --> 00:19:03.280
Well, I’ll let you know the answer

532
00:19:03.280 --> 00:19:04.800
a little later in the programme.

533
00:19:04.800 --> 00:19:06.560
Now let’s hear from Roja Dove,

534
00:19:06.560 --> 00:19:08.000
who is a perfumer.

535
00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:08.880
He designs

536
00:19:08.880 --> 00:19:10.960
and creates very exclusive and

537
00:19:10.960 --> 00:19:13.119
very expensive perfumes.

538
00:19:13.119 --> 00:19:15.519
In a recent BBC video he talked about

539
00:19:15.520 --> 00:19:17.280
the power of smells.

540
00:19:17.280 --> 00:19:19.440
What does he say there is a very deep

541
00:19:19.440 --> 00:19:21.633
psychological connection between?

542
00:19:21.840 --> 00:19:23.440
…who we are as a personality and

543
00:19:23.440 --> 00:19:25.280
the type of smells we like.

544
00:19:25.280 --> 00:19:26.800
When we are born, the part of our brain

545
00:19:26.800 --> 00:19:28.240
which deals with smell is empty

546
00:19:28.240 --> 00:19:30.480
so we learn our response to smell.

547
00:19:30.480 --> 00:19:31.600
And then when we smell that

548
00:19:31.600 --> 00:19:33.760
odorant again it’s like a trigger or a

549
00:19:33.760 --> 00:19:36.320
catalyst that will revive the original

550
00:19:36.320 --> 00:19:38.389
associational memory.

551
00:19:38.720 --> 00:19:40.200
So Dan, what does he say there

552
00:19:40.200 --> 00:19:41.839
is a very deep psychological

553
00:19:41.840 --> 00:19:42.960
connection between?

554
00:19:42.960 --> 00:19:44.640
Between our personality and

555
00:19:44.640 --> 00:19:46.800
the kind of smells we like.

556
00:19:46.800 --> 00:19:48.320
The point he is making is

557
00:19:48.320 --> 00:19:50.080
that the smells we experience

558
00:19:50.080 --> 00:19:51.520
when we are very young can

559
00:19:51.520 --> 00:19:53.600
have a big psychological impact

560
00:19:53.600 --> 00:19:56.240
on us even later in life.

561
00:19:56.240 --> 00:19:58.160
I know that feeling – smell is a

562
00:19:58.160 --> 00:19:59.600
very powerful sense.

563
00:19:59.600 --> 00:20:01.680
The smell of something can take you right

564
00:20:01.680 --> 00:20:03.520
back in time and fill you with

565
00:20:03.520 --> 00:20:04.240
emotions.

566
00:20:04.240 --> 00:20:06.240
Exactly. For example, when I

567
00:20:06.240 --> 00:20:07.520
walk through the perfume area

568
00:20:07.520 --> 00:20:09.520
of a department store I always

569
00:20:09.520 --> 00:20:11.440
feel a bit nostalgic because I can

570
00:20:11.440 --> 00:20:13.040
smell the perfume my first

571
00:20:13.040 --> 00:20:14.720
girlfriend used to wear.

572
00:20:14.720 --> 00:20:16.720
It’s a powerful sensation.

573
00:20:16.720 --> 00:20:18.560
Dove used particular words and

574
00:20:18.560 --> 00:20:20.080
expression to describe this,

575
00:20:20.080 --> 00:20:20.880
didn’t he?

576
00:20:20.880 --> 00:20:22.960
Yes, first he used the word

577
00:20:22.960 --> 00:20:25.119
odorant to describe the smell.

578
00:20:25.119 --> 00:20:27.199
It’s not really a common word.

579
00:20:27.200 --> 00:20:29.040
We use it more frequently as part

580
00:20:29.040 --> 00:20:30.880
of the word deodorant, which is

581
00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:32.480
something we buy to cover up

582
00:20:32.480 --> 00:20:34.960
what we think of as the unpleasant

583
00:20:34.960 --> 00:20:37.119
natural smell of our bodies.

584
00:20:37.119 --> 00:20:39.999
These odorants, he said, can act as the

585
00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:43.200
trigger or catalyst for these memories.

586
00:20:43.200 --> 00:20:44.480
Both the nouns trigger

587
00:20:44.480 --> 00:20:46.800
and catalyst refer to something that

588
00:20:46.800 --> 00:20:49.040
causes a particular response.

589
00:20:49.040 --> 00:20:52.000
So a particular smell can be a trigger

590
00:20:52.000 --> 00:20:55.119
or catalyst for a particular emotion.

591
00:20:55.119 --> 00:20:56.559
As well as being a trigger for

592
00:20:56.560 --> 00:20:58.720
memories, smells can, according

593
00:20:58.720 --> 00:21:00.400
to Dove, say a lot about your

594
00:21:00.400 --> 00:21:01.520
personality.

595
00:21:01.520 --> 00:21:02.800
Here he is again talking

596
00:21:02.800 --> 00:21:04.880
about the kind of scent to wear if you

597
00:21:04.880 --> 00:21:07.189
want to give a particular impression.

598
00:21:07.520 --> 00:21:09.200
What does he say these scents make

599
00:21:09.200 --> 00:21:11.582
you appear very strong at?

600
00:21:12.080 --> 00:21:14.480
The idea of the message you give

601
00:21:14.480 --> 00:21:16.480
off with scent I think can’t be

602
00:21:16.480 --> 00:21:17.600
underestimated.

603
00:21:17.600 --> 00:21:21.600
My suggestion would be to look for very, very

604
00:21:21.600 --> 00:21:23.520
woody, mossy, structured scents

605
00:21:23.520 --> 00:21:25.680
called Chypres if the message you

606
00:21:25.680 --> 00:21:27.440
want to put across is that you are

607
00:21:27.440 --> 00:21:29.119
someone not to be messed with,

608
00:21:29.119 --> 00:21:32.879
very, very strong in business, or

609
00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:35.359
whatever – just not to be messed with.

610
00:21:35.359 --> 00:21:37.279
So what do the scents he described

611
00:21:37.280 --> 00:21:39.040
make you seem strong at?

612
00:21:39.040 --> 00:21:40.800
Business, they can make you seem

613
00:21:40.800 --> 00:21:42.560
very, very strong in business.

614
00:21:42.560 --> 00:21:45.520
Mmm, and how does he explain that?

615
00:21:45.520 --> 00:21:47.920
Well, he says that some scents give

616
00:21:47.920 --> 00:21:49.680
off a particular message.

617
00:21:49.680 --> 00:21:53.280
The phrasal verb give off is often used to describe

618
00:21:53.280 --> 00:21:55.200
something that we broadcast about

619
00:21:55.200 --> 00:21:58.400
ourselves without saying anything.

620
00:21:58.400 --> 00:22:01.359
So he’s saying that our scent, our perfume,

621
00:22:01.359 --> 00:22:02.959
can give off a message about the

622
00:22:02.960 --> 00:22:04.960
kind of person we are and that we

623
00:22:04.960 --> 00:22:06.880
shouldn’t underestimate that.

624
00:22:06.880 --> 00:22:09.119
If you underestimate something you don’t

625
00:22:09.119 --> 00:22:11.039
give it as much importance as it

626
00:22:11.040 --> 00:22:12.800
should have, you don’t take it

627
00:22:12.800 --> 00:22:14.000
seriously enough.

628
00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:15.680
Then goes on to talk about the

629
00:22:15.680 --> 00:22:17.680
particular scent that gives off the

630
00:22:17.680 --> 00:22:19.440
impression of being very strong

631
00:22:19.440 --> 00:22:20.400
in business.

632
00:22:20.400 --> 00:22:23.280
Yes, it’s a woody, mossy scent

633
00:22:23.280 --> 00:22:24.880
which suggests that you are

634
00:22:24.880 --> 00:22:26.880
not someone to be messed with.

635
00:22:26.880 --> 00:22:28.240
Not to be messed with?

636
00:22:28.240 --> 00:22:29.840
Yes – someone to be taken

637
00:22:29.840 --> 00:22:31.280
seriously, someone who is

638
00:22:31.280 --> 00:22:32.960
serious who you don’t want

639
00:22:32.960 --> 00:22:34.320
to try and trick.

640
00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:36.800
Right and talking of tricking – did

641
00:22:36.800 --> 00:22:38.400
we trick you with the quiz?

642
00:22:38.400 --> 00:22:40.400
I asked - What was the value of

643
00:22:40.400 --> 00:22:42.560
the perfume industry in the UK?

644
00:22:42.560 --> 00:22:45.760
And I said it was £970 million.

645
00:22:45.760 --> 00:22:49.180
And it was actually option c), which

646
00:22:49.180 --> 00:22:52.163
was an incredible £1.3 billion.

647
00:22:52.163 --> 00:22:54.480
Wow! That is a lot of smelly stuff.

648
00:22:54.480 --> 00:22:55.680
It is indeed!

649
00:22:55.680 --> 00:22:57.119
Right, now, time for

650
00:22:57.119 --> 00:22:58.479
vocabulary recap.

651
00:22:58.480 --> 00:23:00.080
What words and expressions did we

652
00:23:00.080 --> 00:23:01.040
have today?

653
00:23:01.040 --> 00:23:03.359
Well, first we had odorant – an

654
00:23:03.359 --> 00:23:04.959
unusual word for something

655
00:23:04.960 --> 00:23:05.920
that smells.

656
00:23:05.920 --> 00:23:07.440
Then two words with a very

657
00:23:07.440 --> 00:23:09.040
similar meaning: a trigger and

658
00:23:09.040 --> 00:23:11.280
a catalyst – both of which refer

659
00:23:11.280 --> 00:23:12.640
to something that can make

660
00:23:12.640 --> 00:23:14.240
something else happen.

661
00:23:14.240 --> 00:23:16.720
In this case it was a particular smell

662
00:23:16.720 --> 00:23:18.080
making us remember something

663
00:23:18.080 --> 00:23:18.960
from the past.

664
00:23:18.960 --> 00:23:19.920
So scents can

665
00:23:19.920 --> 00:23:21.440
sends us to the past.

666
00:23:21.440 --> 00:23:22.980
But they can also say something

667
00:23:22.980 --> 00:23:24.400
about our personality.

668
00:23:24.400 --> 00:23:26.880
Yes, they can send unspoken

669
00:23:26.880 --> 00:23:29.520
information - or give off messages.

670
00:23:29.520 --> 00:23:30.560
And these messages

671
00:23:30.560 --> 00:23:32.800
should not be underestimated.

672
00:23:32.800 --> 00:23:34.400
If you do underestimate the

673
00:23:34.400 --> 00:23:36.560
importance of smell, it means

674
00:23:36.560 --> 00:23:38.000
that you don’t take those

675
00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:39.520
messages seriously.

676
00:23:39.520 --> 00:23:41.119
And finally we heard the phrase

677
00:23:41.119 --> 00:23:42.479
to mess with someone.

678
00:23:42.480 --> 00:23:44.320
To mess with someone means that you

679
00:23:44.320 --> 00:23:46.080
don’t take them seriously, you

680
00:23:46.080 --> 00:23:47.359
cause them trouble and that

681
00:23:47.359 --> 00:23:48.639
may cause you trouble.

682
00:23:48.640 --> 00:23:50.000
Well I certainly wouldn’t want

683
00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:51.200
to mess with you!

684
00:23:51.200 --> 00:23:51.760
Judging by

685
00:23:51.760 --> 00:23:53.280
the messages you’re giving off.

686
00:23:53.280 --> 00:23:55.359
Ah you mean my aftershave?

687
00:23:55.359 --> 00:23:56.852
Makes me seem powerful?

688
00:23:56.853 --> 00:23:58.880
Actually, I was thinking more of the egg

689
00:23:58.880 --> 00:24:00.320
sandwich you had for lunch.

690
00:24:00.320 --> 00:24:01.840
I really wouldn’t underestimate

691
00:24:01.840 --> 00:24:03.359
the power of that.

692
00:24:03.359 --> 00:24:05.599
Ah! On that note, I think it’s

693
00:24:05.600 --> 00:24:07.200
time to end the programme.

694
00:24:07.200 --> 00:24:08.800
For more, find us on Facebook,

695
00:24:08.800 --> 00:24:10.320
Twitter, Instagram and YouTube

696
00:24:10.320 --> 00:24:11.520
pages, and of course our

697
00:24:11.520 --> 00:24:14.438
website bbclearningenglish.com!

698
00:24:14.438 --> 00:24:14.994
Goodbye!

699
00:24:14.994 --> 00:24:15.794
Goodbye!

700
00:24:21.119 --> 00:24:23.279
Hello. This is 6 Minute English

701
00:24:23.280 --> 00:24:24.720
from BBC Learning English.

702
00:24:24.720 --> 00:24:25.359
I’m Rob.

703
00:24:25.359 --> 00:24:26.719
And I’m Georgina.

704
00:24:26.720 --> 00:24:27.200
Brrr!

705
00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:29.200
It’s freezing cold outside

706
00:24:29.200 --> 00:24:30.320
today, Georgina!

707
00:24:30.320 --> 00:24:31.920
Make sure you wrap up warm.

708
00:24:31.920 --> 00:24:33.680
I’ll put my woolly hat on.

709
00:24:33.680 --> 00:24:34.960
When I was growing up I was

710
00:24:34.960 --> 00:24:36.240
told that you lose half your

711
00:24:36.240 --> 00:24:37.840
body heat from your head.

712
00:24:37.840 --> 00:24:40.240
Oh, don’t believe that, Georgina!

713
00:24:40.240 --> 00:24:42.160
It’s just a popular myth – you

714
00:24:42.160 --> 00:24:43.680
know, something people think

715
00:24:43.680 --> 00:24:46.560
is true which actually isn’t – like

716
00:24:46.560 --> 00:24:47.920
‘bulls get angry when they

717
00:24:47.920 --> 00:24:50.160
see the colour red’, or ‘goldfish

718
00:24:50.160 --> 00:24:51.119
only have a three-second

719
00:24:51.119 --> 00:24:51.919
memory’.

720
00:24:51.920 --> 00:24:55.600
Oh… I thought red really did make bulls angry!

721
00:24:55.600 --> 00:24:56.720
But you’re right, there is some

722
00:24:56.720 --> 00:24:58.320
disagreement over the age-old

723
00:24:58.320 --> 00:24:59.760
question: should I wear a hat

724
00:24:59.760 --> 00:25:01.600
when it’s cold outside?

725
00:25:01.600 --> 00:25:02.880
In this programme, we’ll be

726
00:25:02.880 --> 00:25:04.320
asking how much body heat

727
00:25:04.320 --> 00:25:06.160
we lose from our head and

728
00:25:06.160 --> 00:25:07.440
discovering that a simple

729
00:25:07.440 --> 00:25:10.000
answer isn’t so easy to find.

730
00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:12.640
But first, it’s time for my quiz question.

731
00:25:12.640 --> 00:25:14.560
And let’s start by asking someone who

732
00:25:14.560 --> 00:25:16.160
knows all about surviving

733
00:25:16.160 --> 00:25:19.040
in the cold – the US army.

734
00:25:19.040 --> 00:25:21.440
According to the ‘Cold Weather Survival’

735
00:25:21.440 --> 00:25:23.440
chapter of the US army

736
00:25:23.440 --> 00:25:25.200
field guide, how much heat

737
00:25:25.200 --> 00:25:26.880
is lost in the cold through

738
00:25:26.880 --> 00:25:28.560
an uncovered head?

739
00:25:28.560 --> 00:25:31.760
Is it: a) 30 to 35%?,

740
00:25:31.760 --> 00:25:36.960
b) 40 to 45%? or c) 50 to 55%?

741
00:25:36.960 --> 00:25:38.480
You might say it’s just a

742
00:25:38.480 --> 00:25:40.400
popular myth, Rob, but I still

743
00:25:40.400 --> 00:25:41.920
think half your body heat is

744
00:25:41.920 --> 00:25:43.600
lost from the head, so I’ll

745
00:25:43.600 --> 00:25:47.040
say c) 50 to 55%.

746
00:25:47.040 --> 00:25:48.640
OK, Georgina – we’ll come

747
00:25:48.640 --> 00:25:50.080
back to that later.

748
00:25:50.080 --> 00:25:52.160
Anyway, whichever answer is correct,

749
00:25:52.160 --> 00:25:53.920
the US army obviously thinks

750
00:25:53.920 --> 00:25:55.440
a large percentage of body

751
00:25:55.440 --> 00:25:58.080
heat escapes through the head.

752
00:25:58.080 --> 00:25:59.119
But that may not

753
00:25:59.119 --> 00:26:00.479
be the whole picture.

754
00:26:00.480 --> 00:26:02.000
Over the years, experiments

755
00:26:02.000 --> 00:26:03.359
to measure body temperature

756
00:26:03.359 --> 00:26:04.799
in the snowy wastelands of

757
00:26:04.800 --> 00:26:06.480
Canada and Alaska have

758
00:26:06.480 --> 00:26:08.960
given wildly different results -

759
00:26:08.960 --> 00:26:10.720
mostly because of variations

760
00:26:10.720 --> 00:26:12.480
in the methods used, for

761
00:26:12.480 --> 00:26:13.760
example, whether the

762
00:26:13.760 --> 00:26:15.359
volunteer’s head was covered

763
00:26:15.359 --> 00:26:16.959
or not, and whether they were

764
00:26:16.960 --> 00:26:19.440
dry or submerged in water.

765
00:26:19.440 --> 00:26:21.440
So maybe the US army’s view

766
00:26:21.440 --> 00:26:22.880
is out of date.

767
00:26:22.880 --> 00:26:24.640
And here’s some surprising information

768
00:26:24.640 --> 00:26:26.400
that Tim Harford, presenter

769
00:26:26.400 --> 00:26:27.600
of BBC World Service

770
00:26:27.600 --> 00:26:29.200
programme, More or Less,

771
00:26:29.200 --> 00:26:32.243
found after a quick search on Google:

772
00:26:33.280 --> 00:26:34.320
The head accounts for

773
00:26:34.320 --> 00:26:35.840
about 7% of the body

774
00:26:35.840 --> 00:26:37.040
surface area and the

775
00:26:37.040 --> 00:26:38.720
heat loss is fairly proportional

776
00:26:38.720 --> 00:26:41.119
to the amount of skin that’s showing.

777
00:26:41.119 --> 00:26:43.279
A human body’s surface area

778
00:26:43.280 --> 00:26:44.960
means the total area of skin

779
00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:47.119
on its outer surfaces – that’s

780
00:26:47.119 --> 00:26:49.599
the head, chest - or torso,

781
00:26:49.600 --> 00:26:51.760
plus the arms and legs.

782
00:26:51.760 --> 00:26:53.200
According to this view, heat

783
00:26:53.200 --> 00:26:54.800
loss – meaning the total

784
00:26:54.800 --> 00:26:56.080
amount of heat transferred

785
00:26:56.080 --> 00:26:57.680
away from something through

786
00:26:57.680 --> 00:27:02.560
its surface, is proportional to body surface area.

787
00:27:02.560 --> 00:27:05.359
In that case, a 50% heat loss from

788
00:27:05.359 --> 00:27:07.199
the head - which only makes

789
00:27:07.200 --> 00:27:09.440
up 7% of the body’s surface

790
00:27:09.440 --> 00:27:12.719
area – seems like an overestimation.

791
00:27:12.720 --> 00:27:14.800
In the 1950s, other military

792
00:27:14.800 --> 00:27:16.240
experiments were carried out

793
00:27:16.240 --> 00:27:18.080
in Canada on soldiers wearing

794
00:27:18.080 --> 00:27:20.720
artic warfare clothing – the

795
00:27:20.720 --> 00:27:22.320
kind of super-warm thermal

796
00:27:22.320 --> 00:27:23.600
clothes you might wear in

797
00:27:23.600 --> 00:27:25.359
sub-zero temperatures – but

798
00:27:25.359 --> 00:27:27.519
with nothing to cover their heads.

799
00:27:27.520 --> 00:27:29.600
Here’s professor of physiology,

800
00:27:29.600 --> 00:27:31.920
Mike Tipton, taking up the story

801
00:27:31.920 --> 00:27:33.119
with BBC World Service

802
00:27:33.119 --> 00:27:35.131
programme, More or Less:

803
00:27:35.920 --> 00:27:37.440
The question was: how

804
00:27:37.440 --> 00:27:39.119
important is the head… to also

805
00:27:39.119 --> 00:27:41.679
provide some equipment, a hat

806
00:27:41.680 --> 00:27:43.359
or some form of insulation.

807
00:27:43.359 --> 00:27:45.119
And in that scenario of course,

808
00:27:45.119 --> 00:27:46.319
when you’ve got insulation

809
00:27:46.320 --> 00:27:47.359
over much of the rest of the

810
00:27:47.359 --> 00:27:49.439
body preventing heat loss, then

811
00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:50.480
obviously the percentage of

812
00:27:50.480 --> 00:27:51.920
heat loss from the head is

813
00:27:51.920 --> 00:27:53.520
going to be high… and at

814
00:27:53.520 --> 00:27:55.440
minus 4 degrees Celsius, it

815
00:27:55.440 --> 00:27:57.359
amounted to about half of

816
00:27:57.359 --> 00:28:00.239
the resting heat production of the body.

817
00:28:00.240 --> 00:28:02.000
Here the soldiers’ bodies

818
00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:04.320
were protected with insulation –

819
00:28:04.320 --> 00:28:05.920
thick material used to stop

820
00:28:05.920 --> 00:28:07.359
heat from escaping.

821
00:28:07.359 --> 00:28:08.239
Since their heads were

822
00:28:08.240 --> 00:28:10.080
exposed to the cold, around

823
00:28:10.080 --> 00:28:11.200
half of their body heat

824
00:28:11.200 --> 00:28:13.280
escaped that way when resting -

825
00:28:13.280 --> 00:28:16.080
not moving or doing anything active.

826
00:28:16.080 --> 00:28:17.440
And so the idea that half

827
00:28:17.440 --> 00:28:18.640
your body heat is lost

828
00:28:18.640 --> 00:28:19.920
through the head slowly

829
00:28:19.920 --> 00:28:21.840
become a popular myth.

830
00:28:21.840 --> 00:28:23.040
But before you throw your

831
00:28:23.040 --> 00:28:24.800
woolly hats in the bin, there’s

832
00:28:24.800 --> 00:28:26.080
another consideration to

833
00:28:26.080 --> 00:28:27.680
bear in mind; one that

834
00:28:27.680 --> 00:28:28.720
concerns your core

835
00:28:28.720 --> 00:28:30.160
temperature – that’s the

836
00:28:30.160 --> 00:28:31.680
internal temperature inside

837
00:28:31.680 --> 00:28:33.280
your body, including the

838
00:28:33.280 --> 00:28:36.400
blood, heart, and other vital organs.

839
00:28:36.400 --> 00:28:37.600
When the head is allowed to

840
00:28:37.600 --> 00:28:39.280
get cold and the body is well

841
00:28:39.280 --> 00:28:41.200
insulated, the body’s core

842
00:28:41.200 --> 00:28:43.120
temperature drops rapidly

843
00:28:43.120 --> 00:28:45.120
due to the circulation of blood.

844
00:28:45.120 --> 00:28:47.360
Wow! This question really is

845
00:28:47.360 --> 00:28:49.280
blowing hot and cold – now

846
00:28:49.280 --> 00:28:51.040
I have no idea how much heat

847
00:28:51.040 --> 00:28:52.960
is actually lost from the head!

848
00:28:52.960 --> 00:28:54.000
Why don’t you just tell me

849
00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:55.440
the answer, Rob?

850
00:28:55.440 --> 00:28:57.680
OK then. Well, in my quiz

851
00:28:57.680 --> 00:28:59.280
question I asked how much

852
00:28:59.280 --> 00:29:01.360
heat the US army guide says

853
00:29:01.360 --> 00:29:03.120
is lost through the head.

854
00:29:03.120 --> 00:29:07.760
I guessed, c) 50 to 55%, or roughly one half.

855
00:29:07.760 --> 00:29:09.200
Was I right?

856
00:29:09.200 --> 00:29:10.240
Well, you were warm,

857
00:29:10.240 --> 00:29:12.240
Georgina… but not right.

858
00:29:12.240 --> 00:29:14.240
In fact the army field guide

859
00:29:14.240 --> 00:29:18.320
says, b) 40 to 45% … but as

860
00:29:18.320 --> 00:29:20.160
we’ve seen in this case, cold

861
00:29:20.160 --> 00:29:22.320
facts are hard to come by.

862
00:29:22.320 --> 00:29:23.840
Let’s recap our vocabulary

863
00:29:23.840 --> 00:29:25.200
then, because we’re still

864
00:29:25.200 --> 00:29:26.560
not sure if wearing a hat

865
00:29:26.560 --> 00:29:27.920
to keep warm is just a

866
00:29:27.920 --> 00:29:30.000
popular myth - something

867
00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:31.280
people believe to be true

868
00:29:31.280 --> 00:29:33.840
but which actually is not.

869
00:29:33.840 --> 00:29:35.920
It seems that heat loss – the

870
00:29:35.920 --> 00:29:37.840
total heat transferred away

871
00:29:37.840 --> 00:29:39.680
from something, is linked to

872
00:29:39.680 --> 00:29:42.480
the surface area or total area

873
00:29:42.480 --> 00:29:44.480
of the body’s outer surfaces

874
00:29:44.480 --> 00:29:46.480
when exposed to the cold.

875
00:29:46.480 --> 00:29:48.320
But wearing insulation –

876
00:29:48.320 --> 00:29:49.920
material used to stop heat

877
00:29:49.920 --> 00:29:51.600
from escaping, may change

878
00:29:51.600 --> 00:29:53.600
the body’s resting temperature –

879
00:29:53.600 --> 00:29:54.880
its temperature when not

880
00:29:54.880 --> 00:29:56.960
moving and at rest…

881
00:29:56.960 --> 00:29:58.800
…and also affect your core

882
00:29:58.800 --> 00:30:00.400
temperature – your body’s

883
00:30:00.400 --> 00:30:02.400
internal temperature, including

884
00:30:02.400 --> 00:30:04.000
the heart and blood.

885
00:30:04.000 --> 00:30:05.680
That’s all for this programme.

886
00:30:05.680 --> 00:30:06.960
Remember to wrap up warm

887
00:30:06.960 --> 00:30:08.080
for the winter…

888
00:30:08.080 --> 00:30:10.000
And maybe pop a woolly hat

889
00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:12.480
in your pocket to wear, just in case!

890
00:30:12.480 --> 00:30:13.600
See you again soon for

891
00:30:13.600 --> 00:30:15.760
more trending topics and vocabulary

892
00:30:15.760 --> 00:30:17.680
here at 6 Minute English.

893
00:30:17.680 --> 00:30:18.560
Bye for now!

894
00:30:18.560 --> 00:30:19.060
Bye!