WEBVTT FILE

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噢…

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您好!

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啊…

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我应该准备好了这节
课程，我猜。

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现在，我不知道要说什么了。

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嚯！

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Martin!

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您至少要提醒我一下。

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现在，我们要做什么？

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我应该会准备好的，但是，我就是太忙了…

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如果您告诉我，我就可以准备好的。

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您没有一些笔记吗，或者
一些我们可以用的吗？

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我有一些笔记，但是，我找不到它们。

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好吧，想想它：它们能在哪里？

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不确定…

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我可能把它们遗留在公车上了。

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我应该从没同意过要做这个视屏…

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嗨，我是Martin。

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欢迎来到Oxford Online English！

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在本节课里，您可以学到怎么使用
would have、should have和could have。

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这些动词 — would、should、could，等等 
— 是情态动词，所以，它们不像

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一般的动词那样有过去形式。

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取代的是，您可以在情态动词的后面加have 
+ 一个动词的过去分词来谈论过去。

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在本节课里，您会学到怎样使用
那些英语情态动词来谈论过去，它们

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是什么意思，以及它们是怎么不同的。

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有时，您有一些您的生活可以以十分
不同的方向进行的时刻。

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例如，也许您参加一个重要的考试，
您的考试结果决定您

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可以上哪一所大学。

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也许您在考虑搬到另一个城市。

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您停留在您现在在的地方，还是离开？

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可能您在相爱，事情发展得不顺利。

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您是留下来努力让它发展
下去，还是您继续前进？

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生活充满了这些重要的
时刻和决定。

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试着想想某些像这样的
您过去的事情。

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现在，自己问自己： 您做出了
您所做的选择。

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您通过了考试，或者没考过；
您搬到了另一个城市，或者您没有。

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那就是现实，但如果事情以
另一种方向发展呢？

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这是假设过去。

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您在假设过去的一个不同版本。

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您自己问自己的问题像是：

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What if I had worked a bit harder, and passed
that exam?

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What if I had taken that job, and moved to
Italy?

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What if I had told her how I feel?

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这是您要用would have的地方。

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使用would have来谈论假设的过去。

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例如：

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If I had got better exam results, I would
have got into Harvard.

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I wouldn’t have met my wife if I had moved
to Italy seven years ago.

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If I hadn’t forgotten my pen that day, I
wouldn’t have asked to borrow yours, and

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we wouldn’t have become friends!

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想想在您的过去，您的生活可以朝
两个十分不同的方向

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发展的重要时刻： what would have
happened if things had gone the other way?

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所以，您可以使用would have来
谈论假设的过去。

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那我们其他的情态动词呢？

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您猜他们在哪？

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我不知道。

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他们通常很可靠。

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我猜他们可能搞混日期了？

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我们必须再打电话给他们吗？

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我们不能永远等下去。

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什么时候会准备好？

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我认为下周四。

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您说您会在这个周末完成它！

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现在，我要去做什么？

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抱歉。

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您要尽快告诉我您不会按时完成。

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医生，那严重吗？

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没有，那只是一个擦伤，但是，
下次要更小心点。

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您可能真的伤了自己！

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您也可以使用could have来谈论假设的过去：

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假如我之前有更多的时间，
我可以完成每一件事。

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假如在开始时他没有打滑，
他可以赢下来。

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当您使用could have来谈论假设的
过去，您在谈论可能性。

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您在谈论您在现实里没有的机遇和机会，

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但是，在您假设的过去版本
里，您会有这些机会。

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然而，could have也可以有不同的
意思。我们来看看：

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在这里，您看到三种以上的方式
来使用could have。

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记住如果您需要，您可以
回头来复习对话。

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您可以解释could have在这些对话里
是怎样使用的吗？

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Could have可以意思是您不确定
某些过去的事情。

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您在谈论一个可能性：

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They could have mixed up the date.

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I’ve lost my keys.

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I could have left them at work.

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Where are they?

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I guess they could have missed the train.

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在这些例子里，您不确定某些在
过去发生的事情。

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您使用could have来对发生的事情
做一个猜测。

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您也可以使用could have来批评某人：

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You could have told me sooner.

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You could have tidied up a bit.

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You could have worn something a bit nicer.

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在这些事例里，您因为其他人没做
某些事情而想批评他们。

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最后，您可以使用could have来意思
某人是幸运地避免了一个

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在过去的糟糕情形：

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It’s just a scratch, but you could have
really hurt yourself.

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We were really late, and we could have missed
our plane, but luckily we just made it.

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我们来快速复习一下。

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Could have有四个不同的意思。

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您可以记得它们吗？

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您可以使用could have来谈论
假设的过去，

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来猜测您不确定的在过去的某些事情，

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来因为某人没做某些事情而批评他们，

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以及来说某人避免了一个糟糕的
情形是幸运的。

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接下来，那should have呢？

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您只看到could have可以用于批评某人。

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Should have是相似的，但是，您可以
用范围更大的方式使用它。

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相似could have，您可以使用它来
批评某人在过去没有

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做的某些事情：

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You should have called me like you promised.

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He should have checked the recipe before he
started cooking.

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They should have practiced penalties
before the match.

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您也可以使用它来批评某人做了的
某些事情：

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You shouldn’t have drunk so much at the
wedding!

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She shouldn’t have left everything to the
last minute.

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您甚至可以使用它来自我批评，
如果您后悔您在过去做的

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某些事情：

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I should have realised what was going on.

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I shouldn’t have said that.

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您也可以使用should have来对某人道歉。

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如果您说“I shouldn’t have said that”， 
您承认您做了错误的选择，

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您后悔了。

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这是should have的最常见的使用：
批评某人或自己，谈论在

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过去您后悔的事情。

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然而，它还有一个意思。

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看三个例子。

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您可以找出来should have在这里有什么意思吗？

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在这里，您使用should have来谈论
某些您期望它发生，但是，

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它没有发生的事情。

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“They should have been here by now”意思是
您希望他们在此之前已经到了，

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但是，您还在等。

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“It should have been ready an hour ago”
意思是您期望每一件事情都提前准备好。

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也许您在煮某些东西，那耗费的时间
比您预料会耗费的时间更长。

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“The plane should have landed at seven thirty”
意思是您希望飞机已经着陆了，

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但是，它没有。

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有可能，您的意思是飞机延误了，
您仍然在等它。

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现在，您应当学到了使用should have
的两种不同的方式。

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我们一起来用would have、could have
和should have练习一下。

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You should have told me your friends were
coming!

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I would have made some extra food.

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Sorry!

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I would have called you, but I had no phone
credit.

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I should have topped up before we went out.

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What are we going to eat?

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We don’t have much in the fridge.

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I should have stopped and got a takeaway on
the way.

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Not to worry: we’ll order something.

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Where’s the food?

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I’m so hungry!

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They should have come by now, right?

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They’re probably just busy.

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They could have forgotten.

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They would have called if there was a problem,
don’t you think?

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Relax!

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You should have had a snack when you got in.

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It’ll be here soon.

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That was delicious!

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I’ve never had such a good meal.

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You could have left some for me.

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What am I supposed to eat?

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Oh…

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I’m sorry!

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I would have left some if I’d known you
wanted some.

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I should have asked.

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Yeah, you should have.

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Oh well, there’s half a cucumber in the
fridge, I think.

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看对话里面的三个句子。

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您可以解释它们是什么意思吗？

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第一句是在谈论假设的过去。

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那意思是如果我知道您带了客人来，
我会准备好更多的食物。

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但是，事实上，我不知道，所以
我没有准备足够的食物。

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第二句是在谈论某些在过去
您不确定的事情。

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您记得那情形吗？

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我们在等我们的外卖送到。

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它晚送到了，我们不知道
发生了什么事情。

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您在这里使用could have来猜测在过去
您不知道发生了什么的

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某些事情。

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第三句是一个批评，或一个
后悔的表达。

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如果您这样说，您意思是您在
过去犯了一个错误。

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再回想一下对话。

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我们以其他方式使用should have或者
could have吗？

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再看两个句子。

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They should have come by now.

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You could have left some for me.

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Should have和could have在这里是什么意思？

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00:12:55.040 --> 00:13:01.990
在这里，should have意思是某些事情
没按您期望的方式发生。

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您期望食物现在在这里了，
但是，它没有。

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Could have用于批评某些其他人
没做的事情。

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现在，希望您理解怎样使用would have、
could have和should have。

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在本节课的完整版本里得到更多的
练习，那包含一个随堂小测验

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帮助您理解这个主题。

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在视屏下面有一个链接。

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您也能在我们的网站上找到更多的免费
英语课程：Oxford Online English.com.

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最后，一个问题：您有学到任何使用
would have、could have或

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should have的新东西吗？

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在本节课里，对您来说什么是新东西？

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00:13:54.970 --> 00:13:57.360
请写在评论栏里让我们知道。

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感谢观看！

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下次见！