WEBVTT FILE

1
00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:08.580
There are 12 basic tenses in English. We 
have the present tenses, the past tenses,  

2
00:00:09.119 --> 00:00:17.519
and the future tenses. In today's lesson we 
are just going to focus on the perfect tenses.  

3
00:00:18.480 --> 00:00:28.019
Present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. By 
comparing the perfect tenses, and only the perfect  

4
00:00:28.020 --> 00:00:35.460
tenses, we can compare them, and you can see how 
similar they are. Which makes them easier to learn.  

5
00:00:36.479 --> 00:00:38.639
If you haven't watched my first two videos  

6
00:00:40.020 --> 00:00:46.740
simple tenses and continuous tenses, I suggest you 
do that first before continuing with this lesson.  

7
00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:55.680
And keep your eyes peeled for my upcoming videos 
on the other tenses. If you subscribe to my channel  

8
00:00:55.680 --> 00:01:02.820
and turn on those notifications you won't 
miss a single one. My name's Arnel, let's start.

9
00:01:05.280 --> 00:01:10.740
First we will look at the grammatical structures, 
and then we will get more specific about how we  

10
00:01:10.740 --> 00:01:22.020
use these tenses. Present perfect, past perfect, 
future perfect. Present perfect: subject have  

11
00:01:22.020 --> 00:01:30.600
or has plus the past participle. Remember to 
choose have or has depending on your subject.

12
00:01:32.760 --> 00:01:41.100
And that past participle is verb number 
three. For example: eat, ate, eaten. Eaten is my  

13
00:01:41.100 --> 00:01:50.400
past participle verb number three. I have eaten 
at Rosario's. Imagine Rosario's is a restaurant.  

14
00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:59.820
Negative: I have not eaten at Rosario's. 
Question: Have you eaten at Rosario's?

15
00:02:02.040 --> 00:02:12.120
Past perfect: subject had plus past participle. 
The good news is we use had for all subjects.

16
00:02:14.639 --> 00:02:21.539
I had eaten at Rosario's. Negative: 
I had not eaten at Rosario's.  

17
00:02:22.320 --> 00:02:29.280
Had you eaten at Rosario's? Future perfect: 
subject will have plus past participle.  

18
00:02:30.060 --> 00:02:35.100
Again, the good news is we use 
will have for all subjects.  

19
00:02:36.960 --> 00:02:46.680
I will have eaten at Rosario's. I will not have 
eaten at Rosario's. Will you have eaten at Rosario's?  

20
00:02:47.580 --> 00:02:53.760
Okay, so we have the grammatical structures, and in 
this lesson I will keep the structures highlighted  

21
00:02:53.760 --> 00:03:03.000
for you - of course. So how do we use these tenses? 
Here I have my timelines: Present, past, and future.  

22
00:03:04.080 --> 00:03:10.500
I have eaten at Rosario's, I had eaten at 
Rosario's, I will have eaten at Rosario's.  

23
00:03:11.639 --> 00:03:20.819
The perfect tenses are really special because 
they emphasize an action before something else.  

24
00:03:21.900 --> 00:03:30.300
Present perfect, before now. Past 
perfect, before another past point.  

25
00:03:31.860 --> 00:03:39.780
Future perfect, before another future point. 
You can really see how similar these three are.

26
00:03:46.580 --> 00:03:47.580
[Music]  

27
00:03:47.580 --> 00:03:51.480
I understand. Let's do these one at a time.

28
00:03:53.700 --> 00:04:01.620
Present perfect, I have my timeline with the 
past and the present. I have been to Paris.  

29
00:04:02.820 --> 00:04:12.000
Kim has taken the TOEFL exam. My parents have 
seen my new house. He has finished his homework.  

30
00:04:13.560 --> 00:04:20.940
I know what some of you are thinking, isn't this 
the same as the past simple? Don't worry, we will  

31
00:04:20.940 --> 00:04:28.620
compare the past simple and the present perfect 
later. All of these actions happened, when? Before  

32
00:04:28.620 --> 00:04:39.120
the present. Do we know specifically when? No, 
but before now is relevant. What do I mean by  

33
00:04:39.120 --> 00:04:47.580
that, before now is relevant? There is a connection 
between the past action and the present. So let's  

34
00:04:47.580 --> 00:04:57.480
break this down, why would I say I have been to 
Paris? Maybe I'm having a coffee break at work and  

35
00:04:57.480 --> 00:05:04.020
one of my colleagues keeps talking and talking and 
talking and talking about her trip to Paris. And  

36
00:05:04.020 --> 00:05:13.260
she says to me: Arnel you have to go to Paris, you 
need to go to Paris. I can say: I have been there,  

37
00:05:14.820 --> 00:05:21.420
I have been to Paris, in fact I have been there 
three times. So you can stop talking about your  

38
00:05:21.420 --> 00:05:30.840
trip now. I'm emphasizing before now I have been 
there. I'm telling her I have had this experience.  

39
00:05:31.980 --> 00:05:36.180
Let's do another example, why would 
I say he has finished his homework?  

40
00:05:37.020 --> 00:05:43.260
Maybe two parents are talking. Dad: Is it 
okay that Louis is playing video games?

41
00:05:45.839 --> 00:05:53.159
Mom: Yeah, he has finished his homework. Do we know 
specifically when? No, we don't care about  

42
00:05:53.160 --> 00:06:00.060
when. But the present is relevant. His past 
action means now he can play video games.

43
00:06:02.160 --> 00:06:10.020
Okay, it's time for a common question: Past simple 
or present perfect? I have two columns here.

44
00:06:12.120 --> 00:06:20.339
The present perfect is more general, we are 
interested in your past experience. Your past  

45
00:06:20.339 --> 00:06:27.959
experience before now. The past simple is more 
specific and we need to know specifically when.  

46
00:06:28.920 --> 00:06:32.100
So you can see in my examples 
here, I'm missing something.

47
00:06:36.060 --> 00:06:41.820
I have been to Paris, but I went to Paris in 2003.  

48
00:06:43.440 --> 00:06:49.800
Kim has taken the TOEFL exam, but 
she took the TOEFL exam last week.  

49
00:06:51.600 --> 00:06:57.180
My parents have seen my new house, 
they saw my new house on Monday.

50
00:07:01.140 --> 00:07:06.900
Louis has finished his homework, he 
finished his homework an hour ago.  

51
00:07:07.800 --> 00:07:15.240
Even though these are both completed past 
actions, the feeling is quite different. The  

52
00:07:15.240 --> 00:07:21.660
present perfect is really common in interviews. 
Why? Because the interviewer is interested in  

53
00:07:21.660 --> 00:07:28.740
your experience, not specifically when things 
happened. Let's take a look at a mini clip. This  

54
00:07:28.740 --> 00:07:34.200
is an interview with a famous American actress 
Jennifer Lawrence. I won't play the whole interview,  

55
00:07:34.200 --> 00:07:40.320
but I want you to hear the present perfect. 
I'm going to do this quickly so be prepared!  

56
00:07:41.340 --> 00:07:46.200
And what have you done for the first time 
recently, and what is your favorite movie  

57
00:07:46.200 --> 00:07:52.380
of all time, that you never get sick of? I mean, 
the movie I've seen the most and watch for any  

58
00:07:52.380 --> 00:07:56.640
occasion is Father of the Bride Two. What's 
the craziest thing you've ever seen here?

59
00:07:58.680 --> 00:08:03.540
Um, the most fun I've ever had with actors on set 
is Josh and Liam, Hunger Games. Hi boys! They're  

60
00:08:03.540 --> 00:08:08.760
great. All right, let's Golf. We got a mini golf 
here. So what's the strangest thing a journalist  

61
00:08:08.760 --> 00:08:15.180
has ever asked you in an interview? What's the most 
bizarre thing that you've ever read about yourself?  

62
00:08:16.860 --> 00:08:21.300
What's the best piece of advice you've 
gotten about parenting? Babies don't get  

63
00:08:21.300 --> 00:08:27.840
bored. Okie dokie, in all of these examples we 
are just interested in the action or experience.  

64
00:08:28.440 --> 00:08:37.800
When before now, specifically when? Do. Not. Care. 
But earlier in the interview we hear this:  

65
00:08:39.000 --> 00:08:44.760
So when was the last time that you played 
mini golf? Never or like five years ago. On  

66
00:08:44.760 --> 00:08:51.420
Past simple, why? Because 
the interviewer is asking when specifically.

67
00:08:53.820 --> 00:09:01.800
Okay, so we've looked at single past experiences 
or repeated past experiences. But what happens  

68
00:09:01.800 --> 00:09:10.080
if the action isn't finished? What happens if the 
actions started in the past and is still true now?  

69
00:09:10.800 --> 00:09:17.280
We can also use the present perfect. 
Jane has lived in Canada for 22 years.  

70
00:09:19.140 --> 00:09:22.260
I have had long hair my entire life.

71
00:09:24.660 --> 00:09:37.380
They have known each other since kindergarten. For 
22 years, my entire life, since kindergarten, all of  

72
00:09:37.380 --> 00:09:43.800
these tell us how long. And this is really common 
in the present perfect. Is there a connection  

73
00:09:43.800 --> 00:09:53.040
between the past and the present? Definitely. Are 
the situations still true today? Yes. Common mistake:  

74
00:09:54.360 --> 00:10:02.520
Jane is living in Canada for 22 years. Jane 
lives in Canada for 22 years. Remember we do  

75
00:10:02.520 --> 00:10:07.980
not use the present continuous or the present 
simple for that past to present connection.

76
00:10:11.160 --> 00:10:16.920
Perfect. I'm going to use the same examples I 
used in the present perfect so you can really  

77
00:10:16.920 --> 00:10:25.080
see again how similar they are. Past perfect: 
An action completed before another past point.  

78
00:10:26.400 --> 00:10:35.400
Present perfect: I have been to Paris. When? 
Before now. Past perfect: I had been to Paris.  

79
00:10:35.940 --> 00:10:44.340
When? Before I started University. You can see 
I added the past simple here to make another  

80
00:10:44.340 --> 00:10:50.820
past point. The past perfect is always 
the action before another past point.  

81
00:10:52.140 --> 00:11:00.420
Let's do another example: Present perfect. My 
parents have seen my new house. Past perfect.  

82
00:11:00.420 --> 00:11:07.200
By the time I moved all of my furniture into 
my new house, my parents had already seen it.  

83
00:11:08.520 --> 00:11:14.700
Here in this example even though the past perfect 
comes second in the sentence, it's still clear  

84
00:11:14.700 --> 00:11:22.980
it happened before that past simple action. 
Present perfect. He has finished his homework.  

85
00:11:24.540 --> 00:11:32.820
Past perfect. Louis' Mom let him play video games 
(past simple) because he had finished his homework.  

86
00:11:32.820 --> 00:11:41.580
And just like the present perfect, the past 
perfect can also show a past to past connection.  

87
00:11:43.020 --> 00:11:46.260
The present perfect, remember 
a past to present connection?  

88
00:11:46.980 --> 00:11:54.720
Past perfect, let's move it back past 
to past connection. Jane was sad to move  

89
00:11:55.740 --> 00:12:04.440
because she had lived in Canada for 22 years. 
Past to past connection. I had had long hair  

90
00:12:04.440 --> 00:12:13.020
my entire life and it was really difficult for me 
to cut it. Had had? Is that possible? Yes, remember  

91
00:12:13.020 --> 00:12:18.960
the past perfect is had plus past participle. 
What's the past participle of have? Had, had had.

92
00:12:21.480 --> 00:12:28.020
Nathan and Brian decided to open a business 
together. They had known each other since  

93
00:12:28.020 --> 00:12:34.740
kindergarten and trusted each other. I 
want you to take a look at a little clip.  

94
00:12:35.820 --> 00:12:44.700
This is a police interrogation. An interrogation is 
a police interview. This man is the detective and  

95
00:12:44.700 --> 00:12:51.960
this man is who the police think did the crime, 
he is the suspect. Police interrogations are a  

96
00:12:51.960 --> 00:12:56.820
great place to find the past perfect, because 
you need to speak about the past in detail.  

97
00:12:57.660 --> 00:13:02.460
Yeah. We didn't even know the first 
one had happened but uh, I understand that was  

98
00:13:02.460 --> 00:13:07.620
reasonably close as well, but the second one was 
uh... We didn't even know the first one had happened.  

99
00:13:08.700 --> 00:13:14.820
Here one means a crime, we didn't even know 
(past simple) that the first one had happened.  

100
00:13:15.720 --> 00:13:19.620
Again, the past perfect describes an 
action before another past action.  

101
00:13:20.580 --> 00:13:26.940
The first crime happened before they knew 
about it. Learned that you told me. Okay. So  

102
00:13:26.940 --> 00:13:30.360
I got an email, I can't remember if it was late 
at night early in the morning but certainly I  

103
00:13:30.360 --> 00:13:36.600
saw it uh... I want to say first thing in the morning, 
because I had just come back from Ottawa. I was in  

104
00:13:36.600 --> 00:13:43.440
Ottawa for... So he saw the email first thing in 
the morning. He had just come back from Ottawa.  

105
00:13:44.700 --> 00:13:47.580
Things like fingerprints blood 
samples things like that? Yeah. Okay,  

106
00:13:48.540 --> 00:13:53.040
um... The only two pieces of evidence that police 
had acquired at this point in time were the  

107
00:13:53.040 --> 00:13:58.559
tire tracks and the footprints outside the 
missing person's residence. At this point  

108
00:13:58.559 --> 00:14:07.019
in time, is a pastime. Before this the police had 
acquired tire tracks and footprints as evidence.

109
00:14:09.360 --> 00:14:15.000
Right, let's compare the past 
simple and the past perfect.  

110
00:14:16.679 --> 00:14:24.839
Kim had taken the TOEFL exam, Kim took the TOEFL 
exam. Jane had lived in Canada for 22 years, Jane  

111
00:14:24.840 --> 00:14:33.360
lived in Canada for 22 years. I had had long 
hair my entire life, or I had long hair my  

112
00:14:33.360 --> 00:14:40.440
entire life. The past perfect actions again are 
actions that happened before another past action.  

113
00:14:40.980 --> 00:14:47.220
So in these examples here a few things are 
missing. In the past perfect column we don't  

114
00:14:47.220 --> 00:14:53.279
have that other past action as a reference. 
And what am I missing in my past simple column?  

115
00:14:53.280 --> 00:15:03.960
The specific time. Hmm... But something doesn't feel 
right. I had long hair my entire life? Past simple?

116
00:15:06.120 --> 00:15:15.000
Am I still alive? Yes. Would I use past 
simple? No, in this case here you do need  

117
00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:19.980
to look at the situation. What tense would I 
use to describe a past to present connection?  

118
00:15:20.880 --> 00:15:29.160
Present perfect. I've had long hair my entire life. 
I could say, I mean I could talk about someone else  

119
00:15:29.160 --> 00:15:38.640
someone who is no longer alive. Mary Smith had long 
hair her entire life, that works. So whenever you  

120
00:15:38.640 --> 00:15:44.400
use a tense, you can't only look at the grammar, you 
also need to look at the logic of the situation.  

121
00:15:45.600 --> 00:15:54.000
It's time for the future perfect, and yep, I'm 
going to use the same example so again you can  

122
00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:59.460
see how similar they are. You just need to move 
the period to the present, the past, or the future.

123
00:16:01.560 --> 00:16:08.460
The future perfect, a completed action. 
When? Before another Future Point.

124
00:16:10.200 --> 00:16:13.260
Everyone has been to more countries than me.

125
00:16:15.660 --> 00:16:19.620
You're going on a trip throughout 
Europe. By the end of the summer  

126
00:16:20.340 --> 00:16:25.320
you will have been to France, Germany, 
and Spain. That's more than most people.  

127
00:16:26.820 --> 00:16:34.920
What's my future point? By the end of the summer 
what will have happened before then? I will have  

128
00:16:34.920 --> 00:16:42.540
been to France, Germany, and Spain. Kim is so 
stressed about her TOEFL exam, she can't sleep.

129
00:16:44.580 --> 00:16:48.720
In a few days she will have 
finished her TOEFL exam.  

130
00:16:50.640 --> 00:16:56.280
What's my future point? In a few days. 
What will have been finished by then?  

131
00:16:56.820 --> 00:17:03.960
Kim will have taken her TOEFL exam. I wanted to 
surprise my parents by showing them my new house. 

132
00:17:04.619 --> 00:17:11.759
But by the time I show them my new house (future 
point), they will have already seen it on Instagram.  

133
00:17:13.440 --> 00:17:20.340
Okay, let's keep going, and you might know what's 
coming next. We can use the future perfect for an  

134
00:17:20.340 --> 00:17:28.620
action that continues up to another future point. 
Jane has lived in Canada for a very long time.  

135
00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:40.500
By 2025 she will have lived in Canada for 22 
years. And this action can either start in the past,  

136
00:17:41.520 --> 00:17:46.800
the present, or in the future. We don't 
really know, it depends on the situation.

137
00:17:49.500 --> 00:17:58.200
How long has Dan been your assistant? Let me 
see, I hired him on my birthday, so on my next  

138
00:17:58.200 --> 00:18:06.600
birthday he will have been with me for eight 
years. You can see an action that continued up  

139
00:18:06.600 --> 00:18:15.360
to another future point. It's time to compare. Let's 
compare the future simple, and the future perfect.  

140
00:18:16.320 --> 00:18:20.940
You can see my two columns here: 
future perfect and future simple.  

141
00:18:22.440 --> 00:18:29.340
The future perfect emphasizes, what doesn't 
emphasize? A completed action before another future  

142
00:18:29.340 --> 00:18:36.960
point, that's really important. Completed before 
a future point or continued up to a future point.  

143
00:18:37.500 --> 00:18:44.220
The future simple does not depend on anything in 
the future, it's just when something will happen.  

144
00:18:46.080 --> 00:18:53.220
Your turn to practice, here is your homework: What 
is something you have done that you are proud of?  

145
00:18:54.720 --> 00:19:04.980
Past perfect, what is something you had done before 
you turned 18? If you're not 18 yet, think of a  

146
00:19:04.980 --> 00:19:15.000
different example. Future perfect, what is something 
you will have done by the time you turn 100?

147
00:19:17.880 --> 00:19:23.640
Use these questions to help you practice, 
and think of really personal examples.

148
00:19:25.619 --> 00:19:32.759
Perfect tenses review: The perfect tenses 
emphasize a completed action before something else  

149
00:19:34.260 --> 00:19:38.279
I have taught the present 
perfect many times before now.  

150
00:19:39.060 --> 00:19:45.360
When I completed my teacher training course, 
I had not taught the present perfect at all.  

151
00:19:46.740 --> 00:19:52.920
By the time I turn 40, I will have 
taught the present perfect many times .

152
00:19:54.660 --> 00:20:01.500
The perfect tenses also describe an action that 
continues up to another point. Present perfect,  

153
00:20:01.500 --> 00:20:12.000
I have been a teacher for 12 years, up to now. 
By 2011 I had been a teacher for only one year.  

154
00:20:13.380 --> 00:20:20.220
In nine years, I will have been 
a teacher for half of my life.

155
00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:30.420
Perfect tenses done. Don't forget to check 
out my next video on the perfect continuous  

156
00:20:30.420 --> 00:20:35.100
tenses. Thank you so much for watching 
this lesson, I'll see you next time! Bye!!!