سکائستان

همین سرزمین است که در «شاهنامه» فردوسی توران خوانده شده و یادی از روزگار کهنتر از زمان نگارش «اوستا» است.
منابع [ویرایش]
↑ Giovanni Boccaccio’s Famous Women translated by Virginia Brown 2001, p. 25; Cambridge and London, Harvard University Press; ISBN 0 - 674 - 01130 - 9 " می نویسد: ". . . از دریای سیاه به سوی شمال تا اقیانوس گسترده بود . . . " در زمان بوکاچیو ( Boccaccio ) دریای بالتیک را اقیانوس سرمتیان ( Oceanus Sarmaticus ) می نامیدند.
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رده ها: سکائستان آثار تاریخی اوکراین سکاها
قس عربی
سیثیا ( بالیونانیة Σκυθία وباللاتینیة Scythia ) هی منطقة فی أوراسیا سکنها السکیثیین من القرن الثامن قبل المیلاد إلى القرن الثانی بعد المیلاد. موقعها ومساحتها تباینت على مر الزمن وعلى العکس مما هو مبین فی الخریطة فانها امتدت غربا أکثر من ما هو مبین فیها. [1]
^ Giovanni Boccaccio’s Famous Women translated by Virginia Brown 2001, p. 25; Cambridge and London, Harvard University Press; ISBN 0 - 674 - 01130 - 9 ". . . . . extending from the Black Sea in a northerly direction towards Ocean. " In Boccaccio's time the Baltic Sea was known also as Oceanus Sarmaticus.
هذه المقالة بذرة تحتاج للنمو والتحسین؛ فساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.
تصنیفات: تاریخ روسیا تاریخ أوکرانیا تاریخ إیران
قس انگلیسی
Scythia ( Greek Σκυθία Skuthia, in English pronounced /siθiə/ or /siðiə/ ) was a region in Eurasia in the classical era, encompassing parts of Central Asia, Eastern Europe and the northern Caucasus. The Scythians inhabited Scythia from the 8th century BC to the 2nd century AD. Its location and extent varied over time but usually extended farther to the west than is indicated on the map opposite. [1]
Contents [show]
[edit]Geography
The region known to classical authors as Scythia included:
The Pontic - Caspian steppe: modern - day Ukraine, southern Russia and western Kazakhstan ( inhabited by Scythians from at least the 8th century BC ) [citation needed]
The Kazakh steppe: northern Kazakhstan and the adjacent portions of Russia
Sarmatia, corresponding to parts of southern Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and the eastern Balkans[2]
Saka tigrakhauda, corresponding to parts of Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan, southeastern Kazakhstan and Kashgar
Sakastan, corresponding to southern Afghanistan and eastern Iran, extending to the Sistan Basin
Scythia Minor, corresponding to the lower Danube river area west of the Black Sea, with a part in Romania and a part in Bulgaria
The northern Caucasus area
[edit]First Scythian kingdom
In the 7th century BC Scythians penetrated from the territories north of the Black Sea across the Caucasus. The early Scythian kingdoms were dominated by inter - ethnic forms of dependency based on subjugation of agricultural populations in eastern South Caucasia, plunder and taxes ( occasionally, as far as Syria ) , regular tribute ( Media ) , tribute disguised as gifts ( Egypt ) , and possibly also payments for military support ( Assyria ) . [citation needed]
It is likely that the same dynasty ruled in Scythia during most of its history. The name of Koloksai, a legendary founder of a royal dynasty, is mentioned by Alcman in the 7th century BC. Prototi and Madis, Scythian kings in the Near Eastern period of their history, and their successors in the north Pontic steppes belonged to the same dynasty. Herodotus lists five generations of a royal clan that probably reigned at the end of the 7th to 6th centuries BC: prince Anacharsis, Saulius, Idanthyrsus, Gnurus, Lycus, and Spargapithes. [3]
After being defeated by the Chinese and driven from the Near East, in the first half of the 6th century BC, Scythians had to re - conquer lands north of the Black Sea. In the second half of that century, Scythians succeeded in dominating the agricultural tribes of the forest - steppe and placed them under tribute. As a result their state was reconstructed with the appearance of the Second Scythian Kingdom which reached its zenith in the 4th century BC.
[edit]Second Scythian kingdom
Scythia's social development at the end of the 5th century BC and in the 4th century BC involved its privileged stratum in trade with Greeks, efforts to control this trade, and consequences partly stemming from these two: aggressive external policy, intensified exploitation of dependent population, progressing stratification among the nomadic rulers. Trading with Greeks also stimulated sedenterization processes. The proximity of the Greek city - states on the Black Sea coast ( Pontic Olbia, Cimmerian Bosporus, Chersonesos, Sindica, Tanais ) was a powerful incentive for slavery in the Scythian society, but only in one direction: the sale of slaves to Greeks, instead of use in their eco . . .