سالنَما گونه ای نشریه سالانه است که تقویم کاری یک سازمان، شرکت یا پروژه را در خود دارد. این نشریه شامل اطلاعات آب و هوا، برنامهٔ کاشت ( در کشاورزی ) ، جدول جزر و مد و شامل اطلاعات دسته بندی شده در زمینه های تخصصی است که معمولاً روی یک تقویم پیاده سازی شده است.
... [مشاهده متن کامل]
داده های ستاره شناسی و اطلاعات مختلف آماری در این نشریه ها مانند ساعت طلوع و غروب خورشید و ماه، ماه گرفتگی یافت می شود.
در کشورهای مسیحی، سالنماها شامل رویدادهای کلیساها، دادگاه ها، فهرست برنامه زمانبندی و چیزهای از این دست نیز هست. [۱]
منابع [ویرایش]
↑ ویکی پدیای انگلیسی
در ویکی انبار پرونده هایی دربارهٔ سالنما موجود است.
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ریاضیات اسلامی
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رده: کتاب های مرجع
قس انگلیسی
An almanac ( also archaically spelled almanack and almanach ) is an annual publication that includes information such as weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, tide tables, and tabular information in a particular field or fields often arranged according to the calendar etc. Astronomical data and various statistics are also found in almanacs, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, lists of all types, timelines, and more.
Contents [show]
[edit]Etymology
The etymology of the word is unclear, but there are several theories:
One suggestion is that alamanac was originally an Arabic word, al - manākh, meaning the climate, this refers to the natural change in weather. In the modern sense too an almanac, or almanakh, is the average weather forecast for a certain period of time that is characterized by relatively stable weather conditions covering a specific area.
However, the earliest documented use of the word in any language is in Latin in 1267 by Roger Bacon, where it meant a set of tables detailing movements of heavenly bodies including the moon.
One etymology report says: "The ultimate source of the word is obscure. Its first syllable, al - , and its general relevance to medieval science and technology, strongly suggest an Arabic origin, but no convincing candidate has been found. "[1]
Another report similarly says of Almanac: "First seen in Roger Bacon. Apparently from Spanish Arabic, al - manakh, but this is not an Arabic word [interpret: this is not a word found in Arabic texts]. . . . The word remains a puzzle. "[2]
The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles similarly says "the word has no etymon in Arabic" but indirect circumstantial evidence "points to a Spanish Arabic al - manākh". [3]
The reason why the proposed Arabic word is speculatively spelled al - manākh is that the spelling occurred as "almanach" as well as almanac ( and Roger Bacon used both spellings ) . The earliest use of the word was in the context of astronomy calendars.
The prestige of the Tables of Toledo and other medieval Arabic astronomy works at the time of the word's emergence in the West, together with the absence of the word in Arabic, suggest it may have been invented in the West, and is pseudo - Arabic. At that time in the West, it would have been prestigious to attach an Arabic appellation to a set of astronomical tables. Also around that time, prompted by that motive, the Latin writer Pseudo - Geber wrote under an Arabic pseudonym. ( The later alchemy word alkahest is known to be pseudo - Arabic. )
[edit]Early almanacs
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A page from the Almanac for the Hindu year 1871 - 72.
The origin of the almanac can be traced back to ancient Babylonian astronomy, when tables of planetary periods were produced in order to predict lunar and planetary phenomena. [4]
The precursor to the almanac was the Greek astronomical and meteorological calendar, the parapegma, an inscribed stone on which the days of the month were indicated by movable pegs inserted into bored holes. According to Diogenes Laërtius, Parapegma was the title of a book by Democritus. Ptolemy, the Alexandrian astronomer ( 2nd century ) wrote a treatise, Phaseis—"phases of fixed stars and collection of weather - changes" is the translation of its full title—the core of which is a parapegma, a list of dates of seasonally regular weather changes, first appearances and last appearances of stars or constellations at sunrise or sunset, and solar events such as solstices, all organized according to the solar year. With the astronomical computations were expected weather phenomena, composed as a digest of observations made by various authorities of the past. Parapegmata had been composed for centuries. Similar treatises called Zij were later composed in medieval Islamic astronomy.
Ptolemy believed that astronomical p . . .
... [مشاهده متن کامل]
داده های ستاره شناسی و اطلاعات مختلف آماری در این نشریه ها مانند ساعت طلوع و غروب خورشید و ماه، ماه گرفتگی یافت می شود.
در کشورهای مسیحی، سالنماها شامل رویدادهای کلیساها، دادگاه ها، فهرست برنامه زمانبندی و چیزهای از این دست نیز هست. [۱]
منابع [ویرایش]
↑ ویکی پدیای انگلیسی
در ویکی انبار پرونده هایی دربارهٔ سالنما موجود است.
[نمایش]
ن • ب • و
ریاضیات اسلامی
[نمایش]
ن • ب • و
ستاره شناسی در دوران اسلامی
رده: کتاب های مرجع
قس انگلیسی
One suggestion is that alamanac was originally an Arabic word, al - manākh, meaning the climate, this refers to the natural change in weather. In the modern sense too an almanac, or almanakh, is the average weather forecast for a certain period of time that is characterized by relatively stable weather conditions covering a specific area.
The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles similarly says "the word has no etymon in Arabic" but indirect circumstantial evidence "points to a Spanish Arabic al - manākh". [3]
The reason why the proposed Arabic word is speculatively spelled al - manākh is that the spelling occurred as "almanach" as well as almanac ( and Roger Bacon used both spellings ) . The earliest use of the word was in the context of astronomy calendars.
The precursor to the almanac was the Greek astronomical and meteorological calendar, the parapegma, an inscribed stone on which the days of the month were indicated by movable pegs inserted into bored holes. According to Diogenes Laërtius, Parapegma was the title of a book by Democritus. Ptolemy, the Alexandrian astronomer ( 2nd century ) wrote a treatise, Phaseis—"phases of fixed stars and collection of weather - changes" is the translation of its full title—the core of which is a parapegma, a list of dates of seasonally regular weather changes, first appearances and last appearances of stars or constellations at sunrise or sunset, and solar events such as solstices, all organized according to the solar year. With the astronomical computations were expected weather phenomena, composed as a digest of observations made by various authorities of the past. Parapegmata had been composed for centuries. Similar treatises called Zij were later composed in medieval Islamic astronomy.