بوکمال نروژی

نروژی
نینورسک
منابع [ویرایش]
ویکی پدیای انگلیسی
[نهفتن]
ن • ب • و
زبان ها و گویش های ژرمنی امروزی
ژرمنی شمالی
اسکاندیناویایی غربی
فاروئی • ایسلندی • نروژی ( نینورسک )
اسکاندیناویایی شرقی
دانمارکی • نروژی ( بوکمال ) • سوئدی
ژرمنی غربی
آنگلو - فریسی
انگلیسی • فریسی ( شمالی، فریسکی، فریسی ساترلند ) • اسکاتس
فرانکی سفلا
آفریکانس • هلندی • فلاندری غربی • لیمبورخی • زیلاندی
آلمانی پایین/
هلندی ساکسون پایین
آخترهوکی • درنتی • فریزی شرقی ساکسون پایین • خرونینگنی • آلمانی پایین • پلاودیتش • سالاندی • استلینگورفی • توینتی • فلووه ای • وستفالی
آلمانی علیا
( آلمانی ادبی )
آلمانی مرکزی
آلمانی باروسا • آلمانی • کولش • لوکزامبورگی • آلمانی فلتسی • آلمانی پنسیلوانیا • ریوگرندرسر هونروکیش • آلمانی سیلیزی • ساکسون بالا • ویلامووی
آلمانی بالا
آلمان کلونیرو • آلزاسی • اتریشی - باواریایی • مین - فرانکنی • سیمبری • آلمانی هوتری • موخنو • شوابی • آلمانی سوئیس • آلمانی والزر
ییدیش
ییدیش
رده ها: زبان نروژی زبان های استانداردزبان های ژرمنی شمالی زبان های ژرمنی زبان های هندواروپایی زبان هاگویش ها
قس انگلیسی
Bokmål ( [ˈbuːkmɔːl], lit. "book language" ) is one of two official Norwegian written standard languages, the other being Nynorsk. Bokmål is used by 85–90%[1] of the population in Norway, and is the standard most commonly taught to foreign students of the Norwegian language.
Bokmål is regulated by the governmental Norwegian Language Council. A more conservative orthographic standard, commonly known as Riksmål, is regulated by the non - governmental Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature.
The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name Riksmål after being under development since 1879. [2] The architects behind the reform were Marius Nygaard and Jonathan Aars. [3] It was an adaptation of written Danish, which was commonly used since the past union with Denmark, to the Dano - Norwegian koiné spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper Aftenposten adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name Bokmål was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language Dano - Norwegian lost by a single vote in the Lagting ( a chamber in the Norwegian parliament ) . [2]
The government does not regulate spoken Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the phonology of the speaker's local dialect. [4] Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that is commonly seen as the de facto standard for spoken Bokmål. In The Phonology of Norwegian, Gjert Kristoffersen writes that
"Bokmål [. . . ] is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle - class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway, with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ( 'Standard East Norwegian' ) . But this variety has never been established as an official, national norm, either for Bokmål or in general. Due to the counterweight posed by the Nynorsk movement, social consent about a spoken standard language based on middle - class urban speech has not emerged. [. . . ] The policy of the authorities, represented by Norsk Språkråd, is that there should not be a standardized spoken norm. Although controversial, and despite the dominance of Standard Østnorsk in some contexts, it is therefore correct to say that the notion of a spoken, national norm has a weaker status in Norway than in most other European countries. [citation needed][verification needed]"[5]
Standard Østnorsk ( Standard East Norwegian ) is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries and taught to foreigners in Norwegian language classes.
Contents [show]
[edit]History
Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, Old Norwegian, was essentially the same as the other Old Norse dialects. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an independent kingdom, the written language remained essentially constant. [6]
In 1380, Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as Denmark–Norway until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union. During this period written Norwegian was displaced by Danish, which was used for virtually all administrative documents. [6][7]
Norwegians used Danish primarily in writ . . .