بوله

پس از موفقیت در این امتحان داوطلب می توانست که سوگند نمایندگی را اداد کند. از وظایف مهم این شورا یکی هم پرداختن به مسایل احتمالی، پیش از وقوع ایشان می بود. این گونه پرداختها پس از آنکه از سوی رئیس شورا در میان اعضا مطرح می گردید و به بحث گذاشته می شدند، برای تصویب نهائی به رای عمومی مردم آتن نیز گذاشته می گردیدند تا قاطعیت یابند. بدینوسیله نوعی از دورنگری و پرداختن به احتمالات آینده در میان مردم تقویت می گردید.
منتخبین در این شورا حقوق روزانه یک درهم دریافت می کردند که به سختی برابر با دستمزد روزانه یک کارگر ساده بود. بنابراین افراد زیادی نبودند که متمایل به داشتن این مقام باشند. اغلب افراد شورا را اشخاص متمول تشکیل می دادند. برای اینکه مشکل کمبود اعضای شورا حل گردد به شهروندان اجازه داده شد که بتوانند در طی حیات خویش دو دوره خود را کاندید کرده و به عضویت در شورا انتخاب شوند بشرطیکه این دو دوره پشت سر هم نباشند. رئیس شورا بنا بر جریان انتخابی بسیار پیچیده ای برای مدتی کوتاه از سوی نمایندگان شورا انتخاب می گردید و مسئولیت هدایت، برنامه ریزی، انتظام و سازماندهی امور شورا را بعهده داشت. این نوع انتخاب پیچیده رئیس شورا از آنجا سرچشمه می گرفت که آتنیها تجارب سخت و بدی را از مردانی بخاطر داشتند که پس از اهدای اقتدار کامل به ایشان، بصورت خودکامه درآمده بودند.
منابع [ویرایش]
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boule_ ( ancient_Greece )
رده: یونان باستان
قس انگلیسی
In cities of ancient Greece, the boule ( Greek: βουλή, boulē; plural βουλαί, boulai ) was a council of citizens ( βουλευταί, bouleutai ) appointed to run daily affairs of the city. Originally a council of nobles advising a king, boulai evolved according to the constitution of the city; in oligarchies boule positions might be hereditary, while in democracies members were typically chosen by lot, and served for one year. Little is known about the workings of many boulai, except in the case of Athens, for which extensive material has survived.
Contents [show]
[edit]The Athenian Boule
The original council of Athens was the Areopagus. It consisted of ex - archons and was aristocratic in character.
[edit]Solonian Boule
The Athenian boule under Solon heard appeals from the most important decisions of the courts. Those in the poorest class could not serve on the Boule of 400. The higher governmental posts, archons ( magistrates ) , were reserved for citizens of the top two income groups.
[edit] The Reforms of Cleisthenes
Under the reforms of Cleisthenes enacted in 508/7 BC, the boule was expanded to 500 men, 50 men from each of the ten new tribes, also created by Cleisthenes. The 500 men were chosen by lot at the deme level, each deme having been allotted certain number of places proportional to population. Membership was restricted at this time to the top three of the original four property classes ( the Pentacosiomedimni, Hippeis and Zeugitae, but not the Thetes ) and to citizens over the age of thirty. The former restriction, though never officially changed, fell out of practice by the middle of the 5th century BC. Members of the boule served for one year and no man could serve more than twice in his life. The leaders of the boule ( the prytany ) consisted of 50 men chosen from among the 500, and a new prytany was chosen every month. The man in charge of prytany was replaced every day from among the 50 members. The boule met every day except for festival days and ill - omened days.
[edit]The Boule in the Democracy of the late Fifth Century
After the reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles in the mid - 5th century BC, the boule took on many of the administrative and judicial functions of the Areopagus, which retained its traditional right to try homicide cases. It supervised the state's finances, navy, cavalry, sacred matters, building and shipping matters and care for invalids and orphans. Its own members staffed many boards that oversaw the finer points of these many administrative duties. It undertook the examination of public officials both before and after leaving office ( most offices lasting one year ) to ensure honest accounting and loyalty to the state. It heard some cases of impeachment of public officials for high crimes and mismanagement or serious dereliction of duties. At some point in the late fifth century, pay was instituted for those serving in the boule; this m . . .