کلاودیوس بْطُلِمیوس ( به یونانی Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος ) یکی از فیلسوفان و اخترشناسان یونان باستان بود که به احتمال زیاد در اسکندریه واقع در مصر می زیست.
وی الگویی را برای کیهان شناخته شده روزگار خود که همان سامانه خورشیدی ماست ارائه کرد که در آن زمین در مرکز گیتی قرار داشت و خورشید و ماه و بقیهٔ سیارات بدورش می چرخید. در آن زمان به جای مدار که همان مسیر فرضی سیارات است، از مفهوم فلک استفاده می کردند. فلک یک جسم کروی صلب و نامرئی است ( مانند شیشه ) که در مرکز آن زمین قرار گرفته و سیاره به محیط آن محکم بسته شده است. با چرخش فلک بدور زمین سیاره را به دور زمین می گرداند. در آن زمان ۴ سیاره بیشتر کشف نشده بودند. او می گفت: هشت یا نه فلک وجود دارد که آخرین فلک فلک الافلاک نام دارد که همهٔ ستاره ها روی آن چسبیده اند. او نیز معتقد بود که خدا و فرشتگان بعد از فلک الافلاک زندگی می کنند. به این نظریه که بطلمیوس در باره جهان ارائه کرد، نظریهٔ زمین مرکزی می گویند.
... [مشاهده متن کامل]
در ویکی انبار پرونده هایی دربارهٔ بطلمیوس موجود است.
این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون افراد است. با گسترش آن به ویکی پدیا کمک کنید.
رده ها: بطلمیوس درگذشتگان ۱۶۱ ( میلادی ) ریاضی دانان مصری زادگان ۹۰ ( میلادی ) ستاره شنان یونان باستان
قس انگلیسی
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168 ) was a Greek - Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. [1] He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. [2][3] He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late ( ca. 1360 ) and unsupported. [4] There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, [4] where he died around AD 168. [5]
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest ( in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise" ) . The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco - Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika ( Ἀποτελεσματικά ) , more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos ( Τετράβιβλος "Four books" ) , and in Latin as the Quadripartitum ( or four books ) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Astronomy
3 Geography
4 Astrology
5 Music
6 Optics
7 Named after Ptolemy
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References
10. 1 Texts and translations
11 External links
11. 1 Primary sources
11. 2 Secondary material
11. 2. 1 Animated illustrations
Background
Engraving of a crowned Ptolemy being guided by the muse Astronomy, from Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch, 1508. Although Abu Ma'shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of Alexander the title ‘King Ptolemy’ is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science.
The name Claudius is a Roman nomen; the fact that Ptolemy bore it indicates he lived under the Roman rule of Egypt with the privileges and political rights of Roman citizenship. It would have suited custom if the first of Ptolemy's family to become a citizen ( whether he or an ancestor ) took the nomen from a Roman called Claudius who was responsible for granting citizenship. If, as was common, this was the emperor, citizenship would have been granted between AD 41 and 68 ( when Claudius, and then Nero, were emperors ) . The astronomer would also have had a praenomen, which remains unknown. It may have been Tiberius, as that praenomen was very common among those whose families had been granted citizenship by these emperors. [citation needed]
Ptolemaeus ( Πτολεμαῖος – Ptolemaios ) is a Greek name. It occurs once in Greek mythology, and is of Homeric form. [6] It was common among the Macedonian upper class at the time of Alexander the Great, and there were several of this name among Alexander's army, one of whom made himself King of Egypt in 323 BC: Ptolemy I Soter. All the kings after him, until Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC, were also Ptolemies.
Perhaps for no other reason than the association of name, the 9th century Persian astronomer Abu Ma'shar assumed Ptolemy to be member of Egypt's royal lineage, stating that the ten kings of Egypt who followed Alexander were wise "and included Ptolemy the Wise, who composed the book of the Almagest". Abu Ma'shar recorded a belief that a different member of this royal line "composed the book on astrology and attributed it to Ptolemy". We can evidence historical confusion on this point from Abu Ma'shar's subsequent remark “It is sometimes said that the very learned . . .
وی الگویی را برای کیهان شناخته شده روزگار خود که همان سامانه خورشیدی ماست ارائه کرد که در آن زمین در مرکز گیتی قرار داشت و خورشید و ماه و بقیهٔ سیارات بدورش می چرخید. در آن زمان به جای مدار که همان مسیر فرضی سیارات است، از مفهوم فلک استفاده می کردند. فلک یک جسم کروی صلب و نامرئی است ( مانند شیشه ) که در مرکز آن زمین قرار گرفته و سیاره به محیط آن محکم بسته شده است. با چرخش فلک بدور زمین سیاره را به دور زمین می گرداند. در آن زمان ۴ سیاره بیشتر کشف نشده بودند. او می گفت: هشت یا نه فلک وجود دارد که آخرین فلک فلک الافلاک نام دارد که همهٔ ستاره ها روی آن چسبیده اند. او نیز معتقد بود که خدا و فرشتگان بعد از فلک الافلاک زندگی می کنند. به این نظریه که بطلمیوس در باره جهان ارائه کرد، نظریهٔ زمین مرکزی می گویند.
... [مشاهده متن کامل]
در ویکی انبار پرونده هایی دربارهٔ بطلمیوس موجود است.
این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون افراد است. با گسترش آن به ویکی پدیا کمک کنید.
رده ها: بطلمیوس درگذشتگان ۱۶۱ ( میلادی ) ریاضی دانان مصری زادگان ۹۰ ( میلادی ) ستاره شنان یونان باستان
قس انگلیسی
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168 ) was a Greek - Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. [1] He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. [2][3] He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late ( ca. 1360 ) and unsupported. [4] There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, [4] where he died around AD 168. [5]
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest ( in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise" ) . The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco - Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika ( Ἀποτελεσματικά ) , more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos ( Τετράβιβλος "Four books" ) , and in Latin as the Quadripartitum ( or four books ) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
Ptolemaeus ( Πτολεμαῖος – Ptolemaios ) is a Greek name. It occurs once in Greek mythology, and is of Homeric form. [6] It was common among the Macedonian upper class at the time of Alexander the Great, and there were several of this name among Alexander's army, one of whom made himself King of Egypt in 323 BC: Ptolemy I Soter. All the kings after him, until Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC, were also Ptolemies.