باستان سنجی
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باستان سنجی یا آرکئومتری ( archaeometry ) شاخه ای نسبتاً جدید از باستان شناسی است که در آن یافته های باستانی توسط انواع مختلفی از روشها و فنون علمی و آزمایشگاهی مورد بررسی و تحقیق قرار می گیرند. به عبارت دیگر به کارگیری شاخه های مختلف علوم طبیعی و مهندسی به منظور درک و حل بهتر مسائل باستان شناسی، باستان سنجی نامیده می شود.
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Archaeological science, also known as archaeometry, consists of the application of scientific techniques to the analysis of archaeological materials. Archaeometry is now considered its own scientific field. The UK's Natural and Environmental Research Council provides funding for archaeometry separate from the funding provided for archaeology. [1] Archaeological science involves dating and studying ancient materials. It is related to methodologies of archaeology.
Contents [hide]
1 Types of archaeological science
2 Influence of archaeometry
3 Dating techniques
4 Artifact studies
5 Locating Archaeological Sites
6 See also
7 References
[edit]Types of archaeological science
Archaeological science can be divided into the following areas:[2]
physical and chemical dating methods which provide archaeologists with absolute and relative chronologies
artifact studies
environmental approaches which provide information on past landscapes, climates, flora, and fauna; as well as the diet, nutrition, health, and pathology of people
mathematical methods for data treatment ( also encompassing the role of computers in handling, analyzing, and modeling the vast sources of data )
remote - sensing and geophysical - survey applications comprising a battery of non - destructive techniques for the location and characterization of buried features at the regional, micro - regional, and intra - site levels
conservation sciences, involving the study of decay processes and the development of new methods of conservation
Techniques such as lithic analysis, archaeometallurgy, paleoethnobotany, palynology and zooarchaeology also form sub - disciplines of archaeological science.
[edit]Influence of archaeometry
Archaeometry has greatly influenced modern archaeology. Archaeologists can obtain significant additional data and information using these techniques, and archaeometry has the potential to alter the understanding of the past. The so - called "Second radiocarbon revolution" provides a good example of such alteration: it significantly re - dated European prehistory in the 1960s ( the first radiocarbon revolution involved the original introduction of the method to archaeology from 1949 ) . Some scholars are pressing all graduate programs in archaeology to include a survey course in archaeometry.
[edit]Dating techniques
Archaeological science has particular value when it can provide absolute dates for archaeological strata and artifacts. Some of the most important dating techniques include:
radiocarbon dating — especially for dating organic materials
dendrochronology — for dating trees; also very important for calibrating radiocarbon dates
thermoluminescence dating — for dating inorganic material ( including ceramics )
optically stimulated luminescence ( OSL ) /optical dating — for absolutely dating and relatively profiling buried land - surfaces in vertical and horizontal stratigraphic sections, most often by measuring photons discharged from grains of quartz within sedimentary bodies ( although this technique can also measure feldspars, complications caused by internally induced dose - rates often favour the use of quartz - based analyzes in archaeological applications )
electron spin resonance, as used ( for example ) in dating teeth
potassium - argon dating — for dating ( for example ) fossilized hominid remains
[edit]Artifact studies
Another important subdiscipline of archaeometry is the study of artifacts. Archaeometrists have used a variety of methods to analyze artifacts, either to determine more about their composition, or to determine their provenance. These techniques include:
X - ray fluorescence ( XRF )
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( ICP - MS )
neutron activation analysis ( NAA )
scanning electron microscopy ( SEM )
laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy ( LIBS )
Lead, strontium and oxygen isotope analysis can also test human remains to estimate the diets and even the birthplaces of a study's subjects.
Provenance analysis has the potential to determine the original source of the materials used, for example, to make a particular artifact. This can show how far the artifact has traveled and can indicate the existence of systems of exchange. [3]
[edit]Locating Archaeological Sites
Archaeometry is also very helpful in finding potential dig sites. The use of remote sensing has enabled archaeologists to identify many more archaeological sites than they could have otherwise. The use of aerial photography remains the most widespread . . .
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