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منابع [ویرایش]
Peter K. Thornton, Authentic Decor: the Domestic Interior 1620 - 1920, ( London, 1985 ) and Seventeenth - Century Interior Decoration in England, France and Holland, ( New Haven & London, 1981 ) .
↑ ciborium
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قس انگلیسی
A baldachin, or baldaquin ( from Italian: baldacchino ) , is a canopy of state over an altar or throne. It had its beginnings as a cloth canopy, [1] but in other cases it is a sturdy, permanent architectural feature, particularly over high altars in cathedrals, where such a structure is more correctly called a ciborium when it is sufficiently architectural in form. A cloth of honour is a simpler cloth hanging vertically behind the throne, which may be combined with a canopy.
"Baldachin" was originally a luxurious type of cloth from Bagdad, from which name the word is derived, in English as "baudekin" and other spellings. Matthew Paris records that Henry III of England wore a robe "de preciosissimo baldekino" at a ceremony at Westminster Abbey in 1247. [2] The word for the cloth became the word for the ceremonial canopies made from the cloth.
In the Middle Ages, a hieratic canopy of state or cloth of state was hung over the seat of a personage of sufficient standing, as a symbol of authority. The seat under such a canopy of state would normally be raised on a dais. Emperors and kings, reigning dukes and bishops were accorded this honour. In a 15th - century manuscript illumination the sovereign Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes sits in state to receive a presentation copy of the author's book. His seat is raised on a carpet - covered dais and backed with a richly embroidered dosser ( French, "dos" ) . Under his feet is a cushion, such as protected the feet of the King of France when he presided at a lit de justice. The King of France was also covered by a mobile canopy during his Coronation, held up on poles by several Peers of France.
Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII was a personage of such importance that in her portrait by an anonymous artist, c. 1500 she prays under a canopy of estate; one can see the dosser against the gilded leather wall - covering and the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its center ) supported on cords from the ceiling. The coats - of - arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts.
In the summer of 1520, a meeting was staged between Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, where the ostentatious display of wealth and power earned the meeting - place the name of The Field of Cloth of Gold. The canopy of estate may still be seen in some formal throne rooms.
State bed of Louis XIV of France, Chambre du Roi, Versailles
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[edit]State bed
The state bed, intended for receiving important visitors and producing heirs before a select public, but not intended for sleeping in, [3] evolved during the second half of the seventeenth century, developing the medieval tradition of receiving visitors in the bedroom, which had become the last and most private room of the standard suite of rooms in a Baroque apartment. Louis XIV developed the rituals of receptions in his state bedchamber, the petit levée to which only a handful of his court élite might expect to be invited. The other monarchs of Europe soon imitated his practice; even his staunchest enemy, William III of England had his "grooms of the bedchamber", a signal honour.
The state bed, a lit à la Duchesse—its canopy supported without visible posts— was delivered for the use of Queen Marie Leszczinska at Versailles, as the centrepiece of a new decor realized for the Queen in 1730–35. [4] Its tester is quickly recognizable as a baldachin, serving its time - honoured function; the bedding might easily be replaced by a gilded throne. The queens of France spent a great deal of time in their chambre, where they received the ladies of the court at the morning levée and granted private audiences. By the time Marie Antoinette escaped the mob from this bedroom, such state beds, with the elaborate etiquette they embodied, were already falling out of use. A state bed with a domed tester designed in 1775 - 76 by Robert Adam for Lady Child at Osterley Park[5] and another domed state bed, delivered by Thomas Chippendale for Sir Edwin Lascelles at Harewood House, Yorkshire in 1773[6] are two of the last English state beds intended for a main floor State Bedroom in a non - royal residence.
Bernini's Baldacchino in St Peter's, Rome
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