lsd

ین ماده به طور گسترده برای مصارف تفریحی و درمانی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. به طور معمول ال اس دی بلعیده یا روی زبان نگه داشته می شود. این دارو همچنین بر روی حبه قند یا بلاتر هم قرار داده می شود.
ال اس دی اولین بار در سال ۱۹۳۸ توسط یک شیمیدان سوئیسی به نام آلبرت هافمن، که به امید دست یافتن به دارویی جدید، انواع ترکیبات ارگوت را آزمایش می کرد، ساخته شد. اما خواص آن تا زمانی که آلبرت هافمن خود شخصاً آن را مصرف نکرده بود، کشف نشد. تجربیات آلبرت هافمن هنگام مصرف این ماده، در دفترچه یادداشت او به ثبت رسیده است. امروزه ال اس دی مصرف رسمی پزشکی ندارد، اما احتمال استفاده از آن در سایکدلیک تراپی برای درمان بیماریهایی چون افسردگی و اعتیاد در حال پژوهش و بررسی است.
تاثیرات
اثرات مصرف ال اس دی می تواند غیرقابل پیش بینی باشد. این اثرات به میزان مصرف، شخصیت مصرف کننده و محیط مصرف ال اس دی بستگی دارد. معمولاً تأثیرات آن ۲۰ تا ۶۰ دقیقه پس از مصرف ظاهر می شود و ۶ تا ۱۲ ساعت به طول می انجامد. تأثیرات روان گردان هایی مثل ال اس دی به طور معمول یک تریپ ( سفر ) نامیده می شود.
جسمی
مصرف ال اس دی باعث تاثیرات موقتی چون گشادی مردمک چشم، کاهش اشتها و افزایش هشیاری می شود.
حسی
یکی از اثرات ال اس دی ایجاد تغییرات هیجانی و حسی در مصرف کننده است. این تغییرات بیشتر از علایم فیزیکی مصرف است. معمولاً شخص مصرف کننده ابتدا دچار هیجان ها و احساسات شدید و متفاوتی می شود یا احساسات و هیجانات او با سرعت زیاد تغییر می کند. اگر مصرف ال اس دی بیشتر شود؛ مصرف کننده دچار توهمات بصری لذت بخشی می شود. درک مصرف کننده از زمان و از خودش تغییر می کند. گاه ممکن است به نظر برسد حواس پنج گانه با هم مخلوط شده اند. حس لامسه بیشتر می شود. مصرف کننده ممکن است حس کند رنگ ها را می شنود یا صداها را می بیند. به این حالت حس آمیزی می گویند. در بسیاری افراد، این تغییرات حواس باعث ایجاد ترس و وحشت می شوند.
اگر مصرف ال اس دی یک �سفر خوب� باشد مصرف کننده احساس سرخوشی می کند و اگر یک �سفر بد� باشد، مصرف کننده دچار احساسات بد می شود. تأثیرات فیزیکی اولیه انگشت شمارند و شامل سرگیجه، بی حسی، خستگی، ضعف عضلات و لرزش، رفلکس های سریع، افزایش فشار خون، ضربان قلب و دمای بدن، آسیب دیدن مهارت های حرکتی ( اختلال تعادل ) ، تهوع و تشنج می شوند. مهم ترین علایم فیزیکی آن قهقهه های ناگهانی است. این قهقهه ها ممکن است در برابر اتفاقاتی که معمولاً خنده دار نیستند؛ پیش بیاید و اغلب هم قابل کنترل نیستند.
تغییرات مهم در قوه درک، فکر و خلق با فاصله زمانی اندکی پس از اثرات فیزیکی ظاهر می شوند:
توهمات دیداری و شنیداری واضح که مصرف کننده از غیرواقعی بودن آن آگاه است.
دچار نقصان شدن درک زمان، فواصل و وزن ( احساس معلق بودن با تحت فشار بودن ) و فاصله بین اشیای محیط. این مسئله به برخی از افراد نوعی احساس یگانگی با محیط ( uniqamystica ) می بخشد؛ در حالی که برخی دیگر را دچار وحشت می کند.
درآمیختگی احساسات که اغلب به صورت شنیدن رنگ ها و دیدن صداها توصیف می شود.
کاهش کنترل بر روی روند افکار که باعث ترکیب خاطرات با واقعیت می شود یا به چیزهای کم اهمیت معناهای بزرگی می بخشد.
احساس پیشرفت و موفقیت در موضوع های واقعی شایع است.
ال اس دی به سرعت از طریق دستگاه گوارش جذب می شود و به همه بافت ها از جمله مغز می رسد.
خطرات
وابستگی
ال اس دی به صورت جسمی اعتیادآور نیست ولی می تواند یکی از پایین ترین سطوح وابستگی روانی را ایجاد کند. اما مصرف مداوم روان گردان ها معمولا خوشایند نیست و حتی با یک بار مصرف ممکن است کلا از مصرف آن ها منصرف شوند، زیرا تاثیرات روانی و افکاری شدیدی را ممکن است داشته باشند. همچنین مصرف مکرر آن باعث بروز مقاومت ( تلورانس ) می شود یعنی مصرف کننده بعد از مصرف مداوم باید برای رسیدن به حالت اولیه میزان بیشتری مصرف کند و برای برگشت تعادل گیرنده ها به حالت اول، باید دست کم یک الی دو هفته فاصله بین مصرف ها وجود داشته باشد. شواهد تجربی بر روی انسان و حیوانات نشان می دهد که ال اس دی باعث ایجاد عادت ( positive reinforcement ) برای مصرف بیشتر نمی شود.
ال اس دی تقلبی
ال اس دی ترکیب گرانی محسوب می شود و تولید آن نیاز به دانش تخصصی دارد ازین رو بسیاری کاغذهای که به عنوان LSD فروخته می شوند حاوی مواد روانگردان ارزان قیمت و خطرناک تری مانند 25i - NBome هستند که مرگ های بسیاری را رقم زده. یکی از تفاوت های NBome با ال اس دی مزه تلخ آن است. [نیازمند منبع]
تجربه مصرف
اولین مصرف اتفاقی توسط آلبرت هافمن
آلبرت هافمن کاشف ال اس دی اولین تجربه اتفاقی مصرف این ماده را چنین توصیف کرده است:
وقتی که روی تختخوابم دراز کشیدم در عالم هذیان و هیجان و مستی غوطه ور شدم. تمام اثاث خانه به دنبال هم حرکت می کردند و پیوسته تغییر رنگ می دادند. به نظرم می آمد که ستارگان آبی رنگ آسمان روی سقف خانه های شهر فرو می ریزند. پس از دو ساعت که در عالم بی خبری بودم، یادم آمد که همان روز مقدار کمی از عصاره قارچ چاودار خوردم. فردای همان روز تصمیم گرفتم که همان آزمایش را با مصرف مقدار یک میلی گرم از این دارو تکرار کنم و نتیجه را یادداشت کنم و یادداشتم چنین بود؛ چهل دقیقه پس از خوردن این مقدار مختصری احساس سرگیجه کردم و بی اختیار قهقهه خنده سر دادم. جثهٔ کسانی که در اطرافم بودند به طور عجیبی کوچک شد. از همکارم درخواست کردم که مرا با دوچرخه به یک ویلا هدایت کند. با اینکه با سرعت با دوچرخه پا می زدیم، ولی احساس می کردم از جای خود تکان نمی خورم. پس از ۶ ساعت وضع عادی خود را بازیافتم.
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Hallucinogenic drug
Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) , also known colloquially as acid, is a hallucinogenic drug. Effects typically include altered thoughts, feelings, and awareness of one's surroundings. Many users have visual or auditory hallucinations. Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature are typical. Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 20 hours. It is used mainly as a recreational drug or for spiritual reasons.
LSD does not appear to be addictive. Its frequent use can cause acute tolerance, requiring much larger doses to feel an effect. Adverse psychiatric reactions are possible, such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions. Distressing flashbacks might occur in spite of no further use, a condition called hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. Death as a result of LSD overdose is virtually unknown; on extremely rare occasions, however, death can be the result of accidents or reckless behavior. The effects of LSD are believed to occur as a result of alterations in the serotonin system. As little as 20 micrograms can produce a noticeable effect. In pure form, LSD is clear or white in color, has no smell, and is crystalline. It breaks down with exposure to ultraviolet light.
As of 2017, about 10 percent of people in the United States have used LSD at some point in their lives, while 0. 7 percent have used it in the last year. It was most popular in the 1960s to 1980s. The use of LSD among US adults increased 56. 4% from 2015 to 2018. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue. It is most often sold on blotter paper and less commonly as tablets or in gelatin squares.
LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from lysergic acid, a chemical derived from ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Hofmann discovered its hallucinogenic properties in 1943. In the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) believed that the drug might be useful for mind control, so they tested it on people, some without their knowledge, in a program called MKUltra. LSD was sold as a medication for research purposes under the trade - name Delysid in the 1950s and 1960s. It was listed as a schedule 1 controlled substance by the United Nations in 1971. It currently has no approved medical use.
Uses
Recreational
LSD is commonly used as a recreational drug in the company of friends, in large crowds, or by oneself.
Spiritual
LSD can catalyze intense spiritual experiences and is thus considered an entheogen. Some users have reported out of body experiences. In 1966, Timothy Leary established the League for Spiritual Discovery with LSD as its sacrament. Stanislav Grof has written that religious and mystical experiences observed during LSD sessions appear to be phenomenologically indistinguishable from similar descriptions in the sacred scriptures of the great religions of the world and the texts of ancient civilizations.
Medical
See also: Lysergic acid diethylamide � Research
LSD currently has no approved uses in medicine. A meta analysis concluded that a single dose was effective at reducing alcohol consumption in alcoholism. LSD has also been studied in depression, anxiety, and drug dependence, with positive preliminary results.
Effects
Physical
LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced appetite, profuse sweating, and wakefulness. Other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. Among the reported symptoms are elevated body temperature, blood sugar, and heart rate, alongside goose bumps, jaw clenching, mouth dryness, and hyperreflexia. In negative experiences, numbness, weakness, nausea, and tremors have also been exhibited.
Psychological
The most common immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual hallucinations and illusions ( colloquially known as "trips" ) , which vary depending on how much is used and how the dosage interacts with the brain. Trips usually start within 20–30 minutes of taking LSD orally ( less if snorted or taken intravenously ) , peak three to four hours after ingestion, and can last up to 20 hours in high doses. Users may also experience an "afterglow" of improved mood or perceived mental state for days or even weeks after ingestion in some experiences. Good trips are reportedly deeply stimulating and pleasurable, and typically involve intense joy or euphoria, a greater appreciation for life, reduced anxiety, a sense of spiritual enlightenment, and a sense of belonging or interconnectedness with the universe. Negative experiences, colloquially known as "bad trips, " evoke an array of dark emotions, such as irrational fear, anxiety, panic, paranoia, dread, distrustfulness, hopelessness, and even suicidal ideation. While it is impossible to predict when a bad trip will occur, one's mood, surroundings, sleep, hydration, social setting, and other factors can be controlled ( colloquially referred to as "set and setting" ) to minimize the risk of a bad trip.
Sensory
LSD causes an animated sensory experience of senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness for 6 to 20 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are also typical.
Some sensory effects may include an experience of radiant or more vibrant colors, objects and surfaces appearing to ripple, "breathe, " or otherwise move, spinning fractals superimposed on one's vision, colored patterns behind closed eyelids, an altered sense of time, geometric patterns emerging on walls and other textured objects, and morphing objects. Some users also report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. Food's texture or taste may be different than when sober, and users may also have an aversion to foods that they would normally enjoy. Similar effects have also been found in rats.
Some report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an inexplicable way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. Many of the basic visual effects resemble the phosphenes seen after applying pressure to the eye and have also been studied as form constants. Sometimes these effects and patterns can be changed when concentrated on, or can change based on thoughts, emotions or music. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo - like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory and visual stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synesthesia, the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation.
Adverse Effects
Out of the 20 drugs ranked in order of individual and societal harm by David Nutt, LSD was third to last, or approximately 1/10th as harmful as alcohol. The most significant adverse effect of LSD was impairment of mental functioning while intoxicated.
Mental disorders
LSD may trigger panic attacks or feelings of extreme anxiety, known colloquially as a "bad trip. " Review studies suggest that LSD likely plays a role in precipitating the onset of acute psychosis in previously healthy individuals with an increased likelihood in individuals who have a family history of schizophrenia. There is evidence that people with severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia have a higher likelihood of experiencing adverse effects from taking LSD.
Suggestibility
While publicly available documents indicate that the CIA and Department of Defense have discontinued research into the use of LSD as a means of mind control, research from the 1960s suggests that both mentally ill and healthy people are more suggestible while under its influence.
Flashbacks
"Flashbacks" are a reported psychological phenomenon in which an individual experiences an episode of some of LSD's subjective effects after the drug has worn off, persisting for months or years after hallucinogen use. Individuals with hallucinogen persisting perception disorder experience intermittent or chronic flashbacks that cause distress or impairment in life and work.
Cancer and pregnancy
The mutagenic potential of LSD is unclear. Overall, the evidence seems to point to limited or no effect at commonly used doses. Studies showed no evidence of teratogenic or mutagenic effects.
Addiction and tolerance
Tolerance to LSD builds up with consistent use and cross - tolerance has been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. Researchers believe that tolerance returns to baseline after two weeks of being drug - free.
The NIH states that LSD is addictive, while most other sources state it is not. A 2009 textbook states that it "rarely produce[s] compulsive use. " A 2006 review states it is readily abused but does not result in addiction.
Overdose
A report in 2008, stated that, though there was no "comprehensive review since the 1950s" and "almost no legal clinical research" since the 1970s, there had been "no documented human deaths from an LSD overdose". Eight individuals who accidentally consumed very high amounts by mistaking LSD for cocaine developed comatose states, hyperthermia, vomiting, gastric bleeding, and respiratory problems—all survived, however, with supportive care. According to more recent reports, several behavioral - related fatalities and suicides have occurred due to LSD. Reassurance in a calm, safe environment is beneficial. Agitation can be safely addressed with benzodiazepines such as lorazepam or diazepam. Neuroleptics such as haloperidol are recommended against because they may have adverse effects. LSD is rapidly absorbed, so activated charcoal and emptying of the stomach is of little benefit, unless done within 30–60 minutes of ingesting an overdose of LSD. Sedation or physical restraint is rarely required, and excessive restraint may cause complications such as hyperthermia ( over - heating ) or rhabdomyolysis.
Massive doses "should be treated with supportive care, including respiratory support and endotracheal intubation if needed. Hypertension [high blood pressure], tachycardia [rapid heart - beat], and hyperthermia should be treated symptomatically. Hypotension [low blood pressure] should be treated initially with fluids and subsequently with pressors if required. " "Intravenous administration of anticoagulants, vasodilators, and sympatholytics may be useful" when treating ergotism.