خودنویس

مخزن جوهر خودنویس ممکن است بصورت دستی یا با استفاده از پیستون تزریقی پر شود. در برخی انواع خودنویس، مخزن جوهر بصورت فشنگ های پرشده آماده، تهیه و جایگزین می شود.
تاریخچه
نخستین سفارش برای ساخت چیزی شبیه به خودنویس، توسط معاذ المعز، خلیفه مصر در قرن دهم میلادی ارائه شده است. بعدها و در قرن هفدهم، یک مخترع آلمانی خودنویس ساده ای با استفاده از پر، تیغ جوجه تیغی و چوب پنبه ساخت.
طی سالهای بعد، تلاش برای ساخت خودنویس های مرغوبتر ادامه یافت. مشکلی که در این راه وجود داشت این بود که با مصرف تدریجی جوهر، فشار هوا در مخزن کاهش می یافت و در نتیجه جوهر امکان حرکت بر اساس گرانش را از دست می داد. همین مشکل موجب شد که تا قرن نوزدهم، ساخت خودنویس پیشرفت چندانی نکند.
این یک نوشتار خُرد است. با گسترش آن به ویکی پدیا کمک کنید.
منابع
در ویکی انبار پرونده هایی دربارهٔ خودنویس موجود است.
مشارکت کنندگان ویکی پدیا، «Fountain pen»، ویکی پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد ( بازیابی در ۳۰ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۹ ) .
رده های صفحه: قلم
از ویکی پدیا
همچنین:
A fountain pen is a nib pen that, unlike its predecessor the dip pen, contains an internal reservoir of water - based liquid ink. The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits it on paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action. As a result, the typical fountain pen requires little or no pressure to write.
Filling the reservoir with ink may be done manually ( via the use of an eyedropper or syringe ) , or via an internal "filler" mechanism which creates suction to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre - filled ink cartridges.
These Parker Duofolds from the 1920s used the Lucky Curve feed system and self - filled using a "button filler". They were quite long; nearly 7 inches long when posted.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Nibs
3 Filling mechanisms
4 Inks
5 Cartridges
6 Today
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
[edit]History
The earliest historical record of a reservoir pen dates to the 10th century. In 953, Ma'ād al - Mu'izz, the caliph of the Maghreb, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib, which could be held upside - down without leaking, as recorded in Kitab al - Majalis wa 'l - musayardt, by Qadi al - Nu'man al - Tamimi ( d. 974 ) . [1] No details of the construction or mechanism of operation of this pen are known, and no examples have survived.
M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US patent #68445 in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen.
In Deliciae Physico - Mathematicae ( a 1636 magazine ) , German inventor Daniel Schwenter described a pen made from two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with cork. Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. Noted Maryland historian Hester Dorsey Richardson ( 1862–1933 ) documented a reference to "three silver fountain pens, worth 15 shillings" in England during the reign of Charles II, ca. 1649 - 1685. [2] She also found a 1734 notation made by Robert Morris the elder in the ledger of the expenses of Robert Morris the younger, who was at the time in Philadelphia, for "one fountain pen". [2]
In 1828 Josiah Mason improved a cheap, efficient slip - in nib in Birmingham, England, which could be added to a fountain pen and in 1830, with the invention of a new machine, William Joseph Gillott, William Mitchell and James Stephen Perry devised a way to mass manufacture robust, cheap steel pen nibs. This boosted the Birmingham pen trade and by the 1850s, more than half the steel - nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen and - women were employed in the industry. Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected, enabling the city's factories to mass produce their pens cheaply and efficiently. These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write, thus encouraging the development of education and literacy.
Progress in developing a reliable pen was slow until the mid - 19th century, because of an imperfect understanding of the role that air pressure plays in the operation of pens and because most inks were highly corrosive and full of sedimentary inclusions. The Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge on May 25, 1827. [3] Starting in the 1850s there was a steadily accelerating stream of fountain pen patents and pens in production. However, it was only after three key inventions were in place that the fountain . . .