trade off

اسم
بِده بِستان از مفاهیم دانش اقتصاد است. در انتخاب های اقتصادی زمانی که یک انتخاب مستلزم از دست دادن سود یا امتیازی باشد و فرد در ازای انتخاب خود، این از دست دادن را به حساب آورده و بپذیرد، یک بده بستان انجام شده است.
بده بستان زمانی پیش می آید که در زمان انتخاب میان دو گزینه، داشتن مقدار بیشتری از یک گزینه به معنای داشتن مقدار کمتری از گزینه دیگر شود. به عبارت دیگر زمانی که هر انتخابی مستلزم از دست دادنی است، فرد مجبور به بده بستان می شود.
The company faced a trade - off between increasing profits and maintaining ethical standards. They decided to prioritize ethics and accept lower profits
When choosing a car, there is often a trade - off between fuel efficiency and performance. A more fuel - efficient car may have less horsepower and vice versa
A trade - off of working from home is the lack of interaction with colleagues, while a trade - off of working in an office is the time and expense of commuting
In deciding on a college major, there may be a trade - off between pursuing a passion and choosing a field with better job prospects
A trade - off of using renewable energy sources is the higher upfront cost of installation, while a trade - off of using fossil fuels is the negative impact on the environment
When designing a product, there may be a trade - off between cost and quality. A cheaper product may have lower quality components, while a more expensive product may have higher quality components
The government has to balance the trade - off between economic growth and environmental conservation. Policies that promote economic growth may have negative environmental impacts, while policies that protect the environment may have negative economic impacts
A trade - off of eating healthier is the higher cost of organic and whole foods, while a trade - off of eating less healthy is the negative impact on one's health over time

بده بستان زمانی پیش می آید که در زمان انتخاب میان دو گزینه، داشتن مقدار بیشتری از یک گزینه به معنای داشتن مقدار کمتری از گزینه دیگر شود. به عبارت دیگر زمانی که هر انتخابی مستلزم از دست دادنی است، فرد مجبور به بده بستان می شود.
نمونه ها
به طور متوسط بین کار بیرون از خانه و میزان صرف وقت برای تولید محصولات و خدمات در داخل خانه یک بده - بستان برقرار است. کار بیش تر بیرون از خانه به معنی حضور کم تر در تولید خانگی و بنابراین کاستن از سطح تولید در داخل منزل است. اگر بخش مهمی از نیازهای پایه ای خانواده ( غذا، شست وشوی پوشاک، نظارت بر آموزش کودکان و . . . ) از تولید داخل خانه تأمین شود و جای گزینی برای آن در بیرون نباشد کار زنان برای خانواده بسیار پرهزینه خواهد بود چرا که باعث کاهش کمی یا کیفی در تولید محصولاتی می شود که جای گزینی برای آن وجود ندارد. گسترش انواع مواد غذایی آماده، مهد کودک ها، خدمات نظافت منزل و غیره در بسیاری جوامع این بده بستان را به صرفه تر کرده و به شدت انگیزه زنان برای مشارکت در بازار کار را زیاد می کند.
نمونه دیگر: برخی معتقدند، سیاست های مدیریت تقاضای دولت در یک زمان نمی تواند، دو هدف تورم و بیکاری را با هم دنبال کند و به اصطلاح نوعی بده بستان بین اهداف وجود دارد. به عبارت دیگر اگر دولت بخواهد هدف کاهش تورم را دنبال کند، این کار به هزینه افزایش بیکاری خواهد بود و بالعکس.
A trade - off ( or tradeoff ) is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing one quality, quantity, or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects. In simple terms, a tradeoff is where one thing increases, and another must decrease. Tradeoffs stem from limitations of many origins, including simple physics – for instance, only a certain volume of objects can fit into a given space, so a full container must remove some items in order to accept any more, and vessels can carry a few large items or multiple small items. Tradeoffs also commonly refer to different configurations of a single item, such as the tuning of strings on a guitar to enable different notes to be played, as well as an allocation of time and attention towards different tasks.
The concept of a tradeoff suggests a tactical or strategic choice made with full comprehension of the advantages and disadvantages of each setup. An economic example is the decision to invest in stocks, which are risky but carry great potential return, versus bonds, which are generally safer but with lower potential returns.
The term is also used widely in an evolutionary context, in which case the processes of natural selection and sexual selection are in reference as the ultimate decisive factors. In biology, the concepts of tradeoffs and constraints are often closely related. In economics, a trade - off is commonly expressed in terms of the opportunity cost of one potential choice, which is the loss of the best available alternative.
An opportunity cost example of trade - offs for an individual would be the decision by a full - time worker to take time off work with a salary of $50, 000 to attend medical school with an annual tuition of $30, 000 and earning $150, 000 as a doctor after 7 years of study. If we assume for the sake of simplicity that the medical school only allows full - time study, then the individual considering stopping work would face a trade - off between not going to medical school and earning $50, 000 at work, or going to medical school and losing $50, 000 in salary and having to pay $30, 000 in tuition but earning $150, 000 or more per year after 7 years of study.
Examples
The concept of a trade - off is often used to describe situations in everyday life. Trash cans that are used inside and then taken out to the street and emptied into a dumpster can be small or large. A large trash can does not need to be taken out to the dumpster so often, but it may become very heavy and difficult to move when full. The choice of big versus small trash can is a trade - off between the frequency of needing to take out the trash and ease of use.
In the case of food waste, a second trade - off presents itself. Large trash cans are more likely to sit for a long time in the kitchen, leading to the food decomposing and a nasty odor. A small trash can will likely need to be taken out to the dumpster more often, thus greatly reducing or eliminating the odor. Of course, a user of a large trash can could simply carry the can outside frequently, but the larger can would be more cumbersome to take out often, and the user would have to think more about when to take the can out.
In cold climates, mittens in which all the fingers are in the same compartment work well to keep the hands warm, but this arrangement also confines finger movement and prevents the full range of hand function. Gloves, with their separate fingers, do not have this drawback, but they do not keep the fingers as warm as mittens do. As such, with mittens and gloves, the trade - off is warmth versus dexterity. Similarly, warm coats are often bulky and impede the wearer's freedom of movement. Thin coats give the wearer more freedom of movement, but they are not as warm as a thicker coat would be.
When copying music from compact discs to a computer, lossy compression formats, such as MP3, are used routinely to save hard disk space, but some information is lost resulting in lower sound quality. Lossless compression schemes, such as FLAC or ALAC take much more disk space, but do not affect sound quality.
Large cars can carry many people, and since they have larger crumple zones, they may be safer in an accident. However, they also tend to be heavy ( and often not very aerodynamic ) and thus usually have relatively poor fuel economy. Small cars like the Smart Car can only carry two people, and being lightweight, they are more fuel - efficient. At the same time, the smaller size and weight of small cars mean that they have smaller crumple zones, which means occupants are less protected in case of an accident. In addition, if a small car has an accident with a larger, heavier car, the occupants of the smaller car will fare more poorly. Thus car size ( large versus small ) involves multiple tradeoffs regarding passenger capacity, accident safety, and fuel economy.