🌟 Plato ( 428–348 BCE ) Student of Socrates. Loved abstract, perfect forms — believed there’s a higher, immaterial realm of eternal “Forms” ( Ideas ) that are more real than the physical world.
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The world we see? A shadowy, imperfect copy.
Knowledge = remembering the Forms your soul once knew.
Ethics = aligning your soul with those Forms ( especially the Form of the Good ) .
Politics: rule by philosopher - kings — those who know the truth should govern.
Key image: the Allegory of the Cave — prisoners only see shadows; the philosopher escapes and sees the sun ( truth ) .
🌟 Aristotle ( 384–322 BCE )
Student of Plato, but flipped his teacher’s worldview.
Said: “No, the real world is the physical one right here. ”
Emphasized empirical observation, biology, logic — start with things you can see and classify.
Believed form matter exist together ( no separate “Form world” ) .
Ethics = living in the “golden mean” between extremes.
Politics: study real constitutions and human behavior, not utopias.
Key image: The scientist walking through nature with a notebook, categorizing plants and animals.
