Descriptive GrammarWhat it is: This approach focuses on how language is actually used by its speakers in the real world. Linguists who follow this approach observe, analyze, and describe the language as it is spoken and written.
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Goal: To document and explain the patterns, structures, and variations of language. It seeks to understand why people use language the way they do, without judgment.
Analogy: Like a scientist’s observation or a reporter’s account – it describes reality as it is.
Examples of Descriptive Observations:
Many native English speakers naturally split infinitives because it often sounds more natural or emphasizes a particular word ( e. g. , “to boldly go” ) .
Ending sentences with prepositions is common and often more efficient in everyday speech.
Double negatives are used in many dialects and informal contexts, and descriptive grammar analyzes their function within those specific systems.
The word “ain’t” is used in certain dialects and informal settings, serving a function similar to “am not, ” “is not, ” “are not, ” etc.
What it is: This approach focuses on how language should be used. It sets forth rules and standards for “correct” or “proper” language. Think of it as the “rulebook” for language. Goal: To dictate correct usage and prevent perceived “errors” or deviations from established norms. It aims to maintain a standard, often based on tradition, logic, or the language of respected authorities or classical texts.
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Analogy: Like a doctor’s prescription – it tells you exactly what to do for the “health” of your language.
Examples of Prescriptive Rules:
“Do not split infinitives. ” ( e. g. , Prescribing “to go boldly” instead of “to boldly go. ” )
“Do not end a sentence with a preposition. ” ( e. g. , Prescribing “To whom did you give the book?” instead of “Who did you give the book to?” )
“Use ‘shall’ for the first person and ‘will’ for the second and third person” ( in certain contexts, though this rule is less strictly followed now ) .
“Avoid double negatives. ” ( e. g. , Prescribing “I have no money” instead of “I don’t have no money. ” )
↩️ دوستان لطفاً به این توضیحات خوب دقت کنید:
📋 در زبان انگلیسی یک root word داریم به اسم scrib/script
📌 این ریشه، معادل "write" می باشد؛ بنابراین کلماتی که این ریشه را در خود داشته باشند، به "write" مربوط هستند.
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📂 مثال:
🔘 scribe: a person who ‘writes’
🔘 describe: to ‘write’ down or explain in words
🔘 manuscript: a document ‘written’ by hand or typed
🔘 subscribe: to ‘write’ one's name under an agreement or service
🔘 prescription: a medical direction ‘written’ by a doctor
🔘 inscription: something ‘written’ on a surface like stone or metal
🔘 transcribe: to ‘write’ or copy from one form to another
🔘 scripture: sacred ‘writings’ or texts
🔘 postscript: a note ‘written’ after the main letter ( P. S. )
🔘 conscript: to ‘write’ someone's name into mandatory service ( often military )
🔘 circumscribe: to ‘write’ or draw a boundary around something
🔘 scriptwriter: someone who ‘writes’ scripts for films or plays
descriptive grammar ( زبانشناسی )
واژه مصوب: دستور توصیفی
تعریف: دستوری که منحصراً به توصیف زبان می پردازد
