bushido code

در دوره ادو ( ۱۶۰۳–۱۸۶۷ ) تفکر بوشیدو تحت تأثیر اخلاق کنفوسیوسی قرار گرفت و تبدیل به یک سیستم همه جانبه شد که بر تعهد یا وظیفه تأکید داشت. سامورایی با �انسان کامل� از نظر کنفوسیوس برابر شد و به او آموختند که کارکرد اساسی سامورایی الگوی فضیلت شدن برای طبقات فرودست است. وظیفه در درجه اول ارزش ها قرار گرفت حتی اگر منجر به نقض دیگر قوانین بوشیدو شود. میزان جایگزینی وظیفه بر همه موارد دیگر شاید به بهترین وجه در داستان انتقام چهل و هفت رونین در اوایل سدهٔ ۱۸ نمایان باشد.
احکام بوشیدو در اواسط سدهٔ نوزدهم اساس آموزش اخلاقی برای کل جامعه قرار گرفت، و به عنوان کانون وفاداری امپراتور ژاپن جایگزین ارباب فئودال یا دایمیو شد. بوشیدو پس از اصلاحات میجی با ظهور ملی گرایی ژاپنی، به تقویت روحیه غیرنظامیان در طول جنگ چین و ژاپن ( ۴۵–۱۹۳۷ ) و جنگ جهانی دوم کمک کرد. دستورالعمل های بوشیدو با شکست ژاپن در سال ۱۹۴۵ رسماً کنار گذاشته شد. با این حال، شکل های معاصر بوشیدو هنوز در سازمان اجتماعی و اقتصادی ژاپن مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. بسیاری از ارزش هایی که در تعالیمِ بوشیدو معرفی می شود ــ همچون ادب، احترام به کرامت انسان، کنترل نفس، و وفاداری به مافوق ــ هنوز هم مبنای رفتار شایسته در دیدگاهِ ژاپنی هاست. بوشیدو در ورزش بسیار الهام بخش است و عناصر بوشیدو در ورزش های رزمی ژاپن باقی مانده است.
Moral code of the samurai
This article is about the Japanese concept of chivalry. For other uses, see Bushido ( disambiguation ) .
Bushidō ( 武士道, "the way of the warrior" ) is a moral code concerning samurai attitudes, behavior and lifestyle. It is loosely analogous to the European concept of chivalry. There are multiple Bushido types which evolved significantly through history. Contemporary forms of bushido are still used in the social and economic organization of Japan. Bushido is best used as an overarching term for all the codes, practices, philosophies and principles of samurai culture.
Origin
Bushido formalized earlier samurai moral values and ethical code, most commonly stressing a combination of sincerity, frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery and honour until death. Born from Neo - Confucianism during times of peace in the Edo period ( 1603–1868 ) and following Confucian texts, while also being influenced by Shinto and Zen Buddhism, it allowed the violent existence of the samurai to be tempered by wisdom, patience and serenity. Bushido developed between the 16th and 20th centuries, debated by pundits who believed they were building on a legacy dating back to the 10th century, although the term bushido itself is "rarely attested in pre - modern literature". This ethical code took shape with the rise of the warrior caste to power at the end of the Heian period ( 794–1185 ) and the establishment of the first shogunate of the Kamakura period ( 1185–1333 ) . It was developed further during the Muromachi period ( 1336–1573 ) and formally defined and applied in law by Tokugawa shogunates in the Edo period. There is no strict definition, and interpretations of the code have varied over time. Bushido has undergone many changes throughout Japanese history, and various Japanese clans interpreted it in their own way.
The earliest use of the written term is in the Kōyō Gunkan in 1616 by Kōsaka Masanobu. In 1685, the ukiyo - e book Kokon Bushidō ezukushi ( 古今武士道絵つくし, "Images of Bushidō Through the Ages" ) by artist Hishikawa Moronobu included the term and artwork of samurai with simple descriptions meant for children. In 1642, the Kashoki ( 可笑記, "Amusing Notes" ) was written by samurai Saito Chikamori and included moral precepts which explained the theoretical aspects of bushido. It was written with accessible kana and intended for commoners, not warriors. It was very popular, demonstrating that the idea of bushido had spread among the population. The Kashoki shows that moral values were present in bushido by 1642. The term, bushido, came into common international usage with the 1899 publication of Nitobe Inazō's Bushido: The Soul of Japan which was read by many influential western people. In Bushido ( 1899 ) , Nitobe wrote:
Bushidō, then, is the code of moral principles which the samurai were required or instructed to observe . . . More frequently it is a code unuttered and unwritten . . . It was an organic growth of decades and centuries of military career. In order to become a samurai this code has to be mastered.