WEBVTT FILE 1 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:10.740 In today's lesson we are going to look at a few  advanced be structures. Be plus two infinitive. Be to be   2 00:00:10.740 --> 00:00:22.500 plus past participle. Was/were to have plus past  participle. And was/were to have been plus the past   3 00:00:22.500 --> 00:00:30.960 participle. I know all of this might look a bit  confusing, but I am going to explain everything.   4 00:00:31.620 --> 00:00:36.360 At the end of this lesson I have a  little test for you with nine questions.   5 00:00:37.440 --> 00:00:44.400 Let me know in the comments below, how did you  do on the test? Did you get nine out of nine?   6 00:00:45.180 --> 00:00:51.180 Six out of nine? Let me know!  My name's Arnel, let's start.   7 00:00:52.560 --> 00:01:01.980 Let's begin simply with a grammar structure you  already know, future plans. You can see my timelines. 8 00:01:04.620 --> 00:01:13.319 New students are going to meet their teachers  next week. In two days I am going to fly to   9 00:01:13.319 --> 00:01:22.199 Halifax for a conference. You know we need  be going to infinitive for future plans.   10 00:01:23.459 --> 00:01:28.499 Think about your own future plans,  what are you going to do this weekend? 11 00:01:30.780 --> 00:01:42.840 Mini reminder: The infinitive is verb number  one, with to. To play, played, played. To play   12 00:01:42.840 --> 00:01:53.100 is my infinitive, with to. To eat, ate, eaten. To  eat is my infinitive with to. So that's clear. 13 00:01:55.860 --> 00:02:02.340 How can I make these future  plans more formal? More official? 14 00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:15.480 New students are to meet their teachers next  week. In two days I am to fly to Halifax for   15 00:02:15.480 --> 00:02:25.800 a conference. You can see today's grammar, be + to  infinitive. Do we really use this to speak about   16 00:02:25.800 --> 00:02:33.540 the future? It looks like the present. Yes, we can  use this structure to speak about future plans in   17 00:02:33.540 --> 00:02:40.980 a formal way. You might see this first sentence in  an email that is sent to all of the new students.   18 00:02:41.820 --> 00:02:46.200 You might hear this second  example in a business meeting.   19 00:02:47.400 --> 00:02:55.080 Formal, so it would be very unnatural to  say: I am to buy ice cream for dessert.   20 00:02:56.940 --> 00:03:05.280 Is this a formal or official situation? I know ice  cream is really important, but in this case you   21 00:03:05.280 --> 00:03:12.180 need to say I'm going to buy ice cream for dessert.  Or, I'm gonna. I'm gonna buy ice cream for dessert.   22 00:03:12.900 --> 00:03:17.580 Formal. Official. This sounds like the news.   23 00:03:23.340 --> 00:03:31.379 The President's Convoy is to pass through Rickman  Avenue at noon tomorrow. The President's Convoy is   24 00:03:31.380 --> 00:03:40.260 going to pass through Richmond Avenue at  noon tomorrow. Formal/official? Less formal.   25 00:03:41.280 --> 00:03:49.319 And a convoy, a convoy is a group of cars  or trucks that travel together. Usually   26 00:03:50.160 --> 00:03:57.540 um something to do with the police or the military.  So you can imagine the President needs a convoy. 27 00:04:01.140 --> 00:04:05.580 Students are to protest Rising  tuition at the nation's capital.   28 00:04:06.840 --> 00:04:12.540 Students are going to protest  rising tuition at the nation's capital.   29 00:04:13.740 --> 00:04:22.260 Formal/official? Less formal. I found a real  life example in infrastructure intelligence.   30 00:04:23.760 --> 00:04:30.960 Government to spend an extra 12.5 million  pounds on flood defenses. This is a headline,   31 00:04:31.560 --> 00:04:39.060 and you know headlines are usually shortened.  So here, be is missing. Government is to spend   32 00:04:39.060 --> 00:04:47.339 an extra 12.5 million pounds. If we scroll down  we can see the full grammar. The government is   33 00:04:47.339 --> 00:04:55.859 to spend 12.5 million. I could be less formal and  say: The government is going to spend 12.5 million.   34 00:04:57.240 --> 00:05:04.380 So it's pretty common to see the shortened  version in a headline, and the full version in the   35 00:05:04.380 --> 00:05:12.120 body of the text. And I get this question a lot: Is  today's lesson American English or British English? 36 00:05:14.160 --> 00:05:19.200 This grammar is the same everywhere, it's  not American English or British English.   37 00:05:20.279 --> 00:05:22.679 And if you're curious, I'm American. 38 00:05:25.260 --> 00:05:31.980 We spoke about future plans, but what  about past plans? Notice my timelines. 39 00:05:34.440 --> 00:05:40.680 A property development company was  to cut down a 200 year old oak tree.   40 00:05:41.580 --> 00:05:48.720 A property development company was going to  cut down a 200 year old oak tree. Notice I   41 00:05:48.720 --> 00:05:56.280 use was, was to infinitive, past plan.  The talk show audience was ecstatic.   42 00:05:56.880 --> 00:06:02.220 Ecstatic is a great adjective. It's a  combination of excitement and happiness.   43 00:06:03.240 --> 00:06:12.300 The talk show audience was ecstatic to hear that  they were all to receive a free 55-inch TV. Wow!   44 00:06:13.560 --> 00:06:23.040 They were going to receive a free 55-inch  TV. Notice were, were too infinitive past plan. 45 00:06:25.620 --> 00:06:28.140 Did these things actually happen?   46 00:06:29.760 --> 00:06:37.080 At a point in the past, you don't know if  your plan will happen or not. Just like in the   47 00:06:37.080 --> 00:06:45.000 present you can't guarantee your future plan  will happen. But, when we use this grammar, most   48 00:06:45.000 --> 00:06:53.520 likely the action did happen. The tree was cut  down, the audience did receive their free TVs. 49 00:06:55.920 --> 00:07:01.380 So how can I talk about a plan, a past plan, that didn't happen? 50 00:07:04.920 --> 00:07:08.939 Was/were to have plus past participle.   51 00:07:10.200 --> 00:07:16.259 Mini reminder: The past participle is verb  number three. We've already looked at this.   52 00:07:16.260 --> 00:07:26.220 To play, played, played. Played as my past participle.  To eat, ate, eaten. Eaten is my past participle. 53 00:07:30.900 --> 00:07:36.540 A property development company was to  have cut down a 200 year old oak tree,   54 00:07:37.380 --> 00:07:47.999 but too many members of the local community  protested this. Was to have plus past participle.   55 00:07:48.960 --> 00:07:57.300 And remember, cut. Cut is an irregular verb.  Cut, cut, cut. So cut is my past participle.   56 00:07:58.140 --> 00:08:03.960 With my second example I need to change this one  a little bit more, because it's not possible to   57 00:08:03.960 --> 00:08:13.620 be ecstatic about something you didn't receive...  Talk show audience members were to have received a   58 00:08:13.620 --> 00:08:22.980 free 55-inch TV. However, the company providing the  TVs never fulfilled their promise. Both of these   59 00:08:22.980 --> 00:08:30.180 are past plans that did not happen, and usually  you'll see this structure with but or however. 60 00:08:32.700 --> 00:08:41.280 Mini review: Be too infinitive, future plan,  formal. South Bank dental clinic is to offer   61 00:08:41.280 --> 00:08:49.140 free dental care to senior citizens beginning  next month. Past plan, formal. The CEO was to   62 00:08:49.140 --> 00:08:56.520 visit all company branches over the summer.  Past plan that did not happen, formal. Was   63 00:08:56.520 --> 00:09:03.960 were to have plus past participle. Employees  were to have received a five percent raise.   64 00:09:04.920 --> 00:09:11.700 A raise is a salary increase, more money. They  were to have received a five percent raise,   65 00:09:12.600 --> 00:09:18.000 but drastic changes in the world market made this an impossibility. 66 00:09:20.160 --> 00:09:23.700 Can you give me an example  sentence in the comments below? 67 00:09:26.100 --> 00:09:32.640 Be + to infinitive. We already know we can  use this structure for future or past plans.   68 00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:42.360 But we can also use this for orders What do I  mean by that? Orders, something you must do, or   69 00:09:42.360 --> 00:09:51.479 something you are expected to do. Employees are to complete their work satisfaction forms by Friday.   70 00:09:52.200 --> 00:10:00.239 Employees must complete their work satisfaction  forms by Friday. It's clear this isn't a plan, it's   71 00:10:00.240 --> 00:10:06.960 something they're expected to do. They must do this.  What's the difference between these two sentences?   72 00:10:08.100 --> 00:10:12.720 In this case these mean the same  thing, it's just about variety. 73 00:10:14.820 --> 00:10:23.880 I recently got this book from the library. It's  um The Aerialists by Katie Munich. And while I   74 00:10:23.880 --> 00:10:28.740 was reading I found an example of today's grammar.  I thought, perfect, I'm gonna share this with you.   75 00:10:29.880 --> 00:10:44.640 So this book was published in 2022, but the  story the story is set in 1891. 1891 in Paris... 76 00:10:47.940 --> 00:10:55.320 Two of the characters want to practice acrobatics  in the street at night. Why? That's not important   77 00:10:55.320 --> 00:11:01.500 for today's lesson. The main character is a  young girl who has to watch for policemen.   78 00:11:02.400 --> 00:11:08.580 If a policeman comes she needs to wave  a handkerchief to warn the acrobats.   79 00:11:09.600 --> 00:11:16.380 A handkerchief is a piece of cloth people used in  the past to blow their noses or to wave goodbye. 80 00:11:18.420 --> 00:11:26.220 The character says this: There would  be gendarmes, a type of French policeman,   81 00:11:26.220 --> 00:11:33.600 walking these streets and I was to raise  Ena's handkerchief above my head if I saw one.   82 00:11:34.200 --> 00:11:40.860 Be past to infinitive. This was  expected of her, it was an order. 83 00:11:43.080 --> 00:11:47.400 This was another example of more formal  English because it's written English.   84 00:11:48.360 --> 00:11:54.660 This structure um especially in the negative,  can be heard in in spoken English. 85 00:11:57.179 --> 00:12:03.299 You are not to touch my stuff when I'm gone.  You must not touch my stuff when I'm gone. 86 00:12:06.300 --> 00:12:12.180 Here this is a little clip of a mother and a  daughter talking, they're talking about a man.   87 00:12:13.860 --> 00:12:18.240 I think it's kind of cute, he reminds  me of a dog that nobody wants. You are   88 00:12:18.240 --> 00:12:25.500 never to think he's cute, never. Okay, you can  see the mother is being pretty protective.   89 00:12:26.040 --> 00:12:30.900 You are never to think he's  cute, never, that's an order. 90 00:12:33.120 --> 00:12:41.400 Let's compare plans and orders. Macy is to serve  the guests tea and coffee. Is this a plan or an   91 00:12:41.400 --> 00:12:49.260 order? The grammar looks the same. Without  context, we don't know. Plan. Macy wants  92 00:12:49.260 --> 00:12:55.440 the guests to feel comfortable. So she is going  to serve them tea and coffee, that's her plan.   93 00:12:56.580 --> 00:13:03.600 If it's an order... Maybe Macy is an  intern, and her boss told her to serve tea   94 00:13:04.200 --> 00:13:13.679 and coffee. But without any context this is most  likely an order. Why? Because serving tea and   95 00:13:13.679 --> 00:13:20.699 coffee isn't really a formal or official thing.  Also, don't confuse today's Grammar with this.   96 00:13:22.140 --> 00:13:31.020 The purpose of exams is to test students  knowledge. The function of the liver is to   97 00:13:31.559 --> 00:13:39.119 filter blood. We see be to infinitive. But we're  obviously not talking about plans or orders, 98 00:13:39.120 --> 00:13:46.679 you always need to look at the context. Here, the  infinitive is showing purpose. Remember in English,   99 00:13:46.679 --> 00:13:53.699 the infinitive is used in so many different ways.  It's all about context. Don't isolate the grammar.   100 00:13:55.080 --> 00:14:01.740 We've already looked at these two  structures. But what we haven't looked at is: 101 00:14:04.440 --> 00:14:14.280 Be + to be + past participle. Here are  two sentences from earlier in this lesson:   102 00:14:15.660 --> 00:14:26.160 Plan and order. Are these sentences active  or passive? These are active sentences.   103 00:14:27.060 --> 00:14:33.540 And if you're thinking what is she talking  about active, passive? I do have a full lesson   104 00:14:33.540 --> 00:14:39.420 on the passive voice, I'll leave the link down  below for you. If you're not really comfortable   105 00:14:39.420 --> 00:14:45.720 with the passive voice, I do suggest you watch  that first before continuing with this lesson.   106 00:14:47.640 --> 00:14:52.980 So these sentences are in the active voice,  let's change them to the passive voice. 107 00:14:55.260 --> 00:15:01.080 Free dental care is to be offered to  senior citizens beginning next month.   108 00:15:02.100 --> 00:15:04.859 By Southbank dental clinic is optional. 109 00:15:07.740 --> 00:15:19.920 Work satisfaction forms are to be completed  by Friday. By all employees is optional. Be to be plus 110 00:15:19.920 --> 00:15:30.000 past participle. Passive voice. Let's do another  example: Our new app is to be launched next month. 111 00:15:32.580 --> 00:15:40.860 Every customer is to be told about our  new app. Be to be plus past participle,   112 00:15:41.640 --> 00:15:48.420 passive voice. Okay, let's look at another  example from earlier in this lesson: 113 00:15:52.800 --> 00:15:57.240 Remember this structure here is  about a past plan that did not happen.   114 00:15:58.200 --> 00:16:08.100 Let's turn this into the passive voice. A 200  year old oak tree was to have been cut down   115 00:16:08.940 --> 00:16:16.680 by a property development company, but too many  members of the local community protested this.   116 00:16:18.060 --> 00:16:27.780 Was to have been plus past participle. That is the  passive voice of a past plan that didn't happen.   117 00:16:29.340 --> 00:16:31.800 I think this structure is probably a student's   118 00:16:31.800 --> 00:16:37.080 worst nightmare. We have was have  and been in the same sentence. 119 00:16:39.540 --> 00:16:43.740 Was to have been verb 3 to the verb 1 120 00:16:43.740 --> 00:16:47.257 pa to be verb 3 was was...... 121 00:16:47.257 --> 00:16:55.140 I know all of these  structures might feel mixed up in your brain, 122 00:16:55.680 --> 00:17:01.140 but the best way to start learning this  grammar is by recognizing the grammar,   123 00:17:01.140 --> 00:17:08.100 and that's what we're going to do in the test. Hello! I think I might be really small right now   124 00:17:08.760 --> 00:17:14.880 but let's do this test. I have nine  descriptions and nine example sentences.   125 00:17:15.480 --> 00:17:20.460 Can you please connect the description to  the example sentence? We'll do one together.   126 00:17:21.240 --> 00:17:32.279 Number one. Future plan active voice, connects  to G. Members of the British royal family are   127 00:17:32.280 --> 00:17:40.680 to visit Montreal in December. Can you connect  the remaining eight? Pause the video to do this. 128 00:17:43.920 --> 00:17:46.620 Okay, here are the answers. 129 00:17:49.980 --> 00:17:56.820 How did you do? Let me know in the comments, I'm  really curious, and give me a couple of example   130 00:17:56.820 --> 00:18:03.000 sentences. Practice this grammar! Thank you so  much for watching, I'll see you next time. Bye!